Introduction: Aging is accompanied by changes in body composition, such as an increase in fat mass (FM), a decrease in skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI) and muscle strength, combined with a chronic inflammatory process (CI). Objective: Determine the relationship between age and excess body fat with markers of chronic inflammation, skeletal muscle mass and strength. Methods: A cross-sectional alitical study was carried out in a convenience sample of adults 45 to 59 years old (n = 100) and older adults 60 to 74 years old (n = 133). All participants had their body composition measured with an impedance meter. They were subsequently divided into two groups: (i) with excess fat (WEF), (ii) without excess fat (NEF), in order to relate excess fat and age with inflammation, muscle mass and strength. Results: NEF adults and older adults had similar values of SMMI (9.1 ± 1.5 vs. 8.8 ± 1.3, p > 0.05) and strength (28 ± 8 vs. 27 ± 8.6, p > 0.05). Likewise, WEF adults showed significantly lower values than NEF adults in the SMMI (7.9 ± 0.8 vs. 9.1 ± 1.5, p < 0.05) and strength (28 ± 8 vs. 22 ± 5, p < 0.001). Also, WEF older adults presented significantly lower values in the SMMI (15.9 ± 1.8 vs. 22.8 ± 5.1, p < 0.05) and strength (17.9 ± 4.8 vs. 27 ± 8.6, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that excess fat mass is a risk factor that has a significantly greater influence than aging per se on the index of skeletal muscle mass and strength.

Background/Objectives: Tai Chi (TC) practice has been shown to positively affect the physical, psychological, and cognitive health of older adults. However, discrepancies persist regarding its effectiveness compared to strength training (ST). This study aimed to determine the effect of TC training compared to ST on body composition, physical performance, cognitive function, and psychological well-being in older adults. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a convenience sample of 68 women 60 years or older, divided into three groups: (i) Tai Chi Group (TCG) n = 26; (ii) Strength Training Group (STG) n = 21; and (iii) Control Group (CG) n = 21. TCG and STG performed physical training four days a week, 60 min/day, for six months. All participants were assessed for body composition (BFP, body fat percentage; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; SMMI, skeletal muscle mass index); physical performance (4MWT, 4 m walk test; STST, sit-to-stand test; OPP, overall physical performance; HGS, handgrip strength) and Wellbeing (PWBS, psychological well-being scale of Ryff, validated for the Mexican population). The data were analyzed per protocol using repeated-measures ANOVA (TCG & STG vs. CG; TCG vs. STG), and the mean difference (MD) was calculated. Results: TCG showed statistically significant changes in body composition, BFP (MD, −3.4 ± 8.2, p < 0.05), SMM (MD, 1.6 ± 1.4, p < 0.001), and SMMI (MD, 0.72 ± 0.61, p < 0.001) after the intervention compared to CG. However, no differences were observed between TCG and STG (p > 0.05). Regarding physical performance, TCG showed significant changes in 4MWT (MD, −1.0 ± 1.8, p < 0.01) and STST (MD, −3.7 ± 4.8, p < 0.05) compared to CG. Differences were also observed in STST between TCG and STG (MD, −3.7 ± 4.8 vs. 0.45 ± 3, p < 0.05). In addition, TCG showed a significant increase in HGS (MD, 1.1 ± 1.9, p < 0.05) compared to CG, although no differences were observed with STG (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that TC is more effective than strength training for improving body composition, physical performance, and handgrip strength in older adults living in the community.

Tele-exercise (TEF) is an option for maintaining the vitality of people who have difficulty exercising outside the home and in confinement situations. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of TEF in Tai Chi (CT) compared to strength training (ST) on muscle mass and strength in older Mexican adults. The following groups were formed: (i) CT Group (CTG) n=42; (ii) ST Group (STG) n=41; (iii) Control Group (CG) n=40. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI), %FM (percentage of fat mass), handgrip strength (HF), and sit-stand test (SST) were assessed before and after the intervention. Both TEF groups showed an increase in SMMI, GTC (+0.73 ± 1 kg/m², p 0.009) and GEF (+0.45 ± 0.9 kg/m², p 0.03) in contrast to the GC (-0.49 ± 0.5, p 0.05). Likewise, both groups showed a significant decrease in %FM (GTC, -4.32 ± 6, p<0.01; GEF, -4.24 ± 6, p<0.01) compared to the GC (2.12 ± 7, p=0.04). An increase was also found in HS: TCG (+4 ± 7, p=0.08) and GEF (+5 ±3, p=0.08), along with a decrease in STST time in both groups (GTC, -2.19±3, p<0.01; GEF, -3.48 ± 3, p<0.001). The tele-exercise in tai chi or strength training has a similar positive effect on SMMI, %FM, HS, and STST, and an option for older adults in confinement situations.

Introducción. La sarcopenia es una enfermedad muscular esquelética reconocida en la CIE-10 desde 2016 y caracterizada por la disminución progresiva de la masa, fuerza y funcionalidad muscular. La prevalencia aumenta con la mayor edad después de los 30 años y afecta también a personas con enfermedades crónicas, generando mayor riesgo de caídas, hospitalización, fragilidad y elevados costos en la atención médica. Su manejo requiere enfocarse en intervenciones no farmacológicas desde la detección de la dinapenia, integrando aspectos nutricionales y de actividad física. Objetivo. Presentar el estado del arte del conocimiento sobre los aspectos más relevantes del tratamiento no farmacológico en personas con sarcopenia. Estado del arte. La sarcopenia se relaciona con cambios fisiológicos propios del envejecimiento, inflamación crónica, resistencia a la insulina, alteraciones metabólicas y miosteatosis, agravados por baja calidad dietética e inactividad física. La evidencia demuestra que una ingesta proteica de 1.0-1.2 g/kg/día y hasta 1.5-2.0 g/kg/día en condiciones de enfermedad, distribuida en 25-30 g por comida, junto con un aporte adecuado de micronutrimentos, favorece la preservación muscular. El entrenamiento de resistencia, complementado con ejercicio aeróbico y actividades de equilibrio es la intervención más eficaz para mejorar fuerza, masa muscular y composición corporal y reduce el riesgo de caídas y complicaciones. En obesidad sarcopénica, la combinación de dieta hipocalórica rica en proteínas y ejercicio mejora la funcionalidad y reduce riesgos asociados. Conclusión. Las intervenciones nutricionales y el ejercicio constituyen la base del manejo de la sarcopenia ante la falta de terapias farmacológicas, permitiendo preservar masa muscular y funcionalidad y disminuir complicaciones futuras.

Introducción. La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y las dislipidemias representan una crisis epidemiológica global y nacional, asociada con determinantes sociales y estilos de vida modificables. Ambas comparten un núcleo fisiopatológico basado en la resistencia a la insulina, donde la lipotoxicidad y la glucotoxicidad crónicas aumentan el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, principal causa de mortalidad. Por ello, mantener un adecuado control metabólico es fundamental. Caso clínico. Paciente masculino de 61 años, comerciante sedentario, con diagnóstico reciente de DM2 y dislipidemia mixta. Presentaba descontrol metabólico: glucosa de 175.2 mg/dL, HbA1c de 8 %, colesterol total de 258.2 mg/dL y triglicéridos de 217.7 mg/dL. Además, había adoptado una conducta alimentaria restrictiva debido a pautas médicas poco claras. Tras una intervención nutriológica de tres meses, basada en educación alimentaria, control del índice glucémico y dieta hipocalórica —45 % carbohidratos, 25 % proteínas, rica en fibra y omega-3—, el paciente mejoró sus parámetros: glucosa de 116.3 mg/dL, colesterol total de 101.3 mg/dL y triglicéridos de 66.9 mg/dL. También redujo su grasa corporal a 20.1 %. No obstante, mostró un apego desigual: 8/10 en dieta y 5/10 en automonitoreo glucémico posprandial. Conclusiones. El éxito terapéutico en enfermedades crónicas no depende de restricciones rígidas ni solo de la farmacoterapia, sino de una estrategia integral donde la educación nutricional y la alfabetización en salud favorezcan la autonomía, aclaren mensajes médicos contradictorios y mejoren la adherencia.

Background/Objectives: Tai Chi (TC) practice has been shown to have positive effects on the physical, psychological, and cognitive health of older adults. However, dis-crepancies persist regarding its effectiveness compared to strength training (ST). The aim of this study was to determine the impact of TC training compared to ST on phys-ical performance, body composition, cognitive function, and psychological well-being in older adults. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a conven-ience sample of 68 women ≥60 years, divided into three groups: (i) Tai Chi Group (TCG) n=26; (ii) Strength Training Group (STG) n=21; and (iii) Control Group (CG) n=21. The TC and STG groups performed physical training four days a week, 60min/day, for six months. All participants were assessed for physical performance (FP), body composition, cognition, and psychological well-being before and after the intervention. Results: TCG showed statistically significant positive changes compared to CG after the intervention in the following physical fitness tests: 4-meter walk (base-line, 4.7 ± 2.2; post, 3.7 ± 0.9, p = 0.01); chair stand-up and sit-down (baseline, 13.2 ± 4; post, 9.5 ± 3.2, p = 0.021). Similarly, the TCG group showed a significant increase in handgrip strength (baseline, 19.8 kg; post, 20.9 kg, p = 0.02), along with a reduction in body fat percentage (baseline, 49.2%; post, 45.8%, p = 0.045); an increase in skeletal muscle mass (baseline, 16.3 kg; post, 18.0 kg, p = 0.0001); and skeletal muscle mass in-dex (p = 0.001). Furthermore, in the TCG showed an increase in psychological well-being (+15%) and a decrease in depressive symptoms (-12.5%; p< 0.05). Conclu-sion: Our findings suggest that Tai Chi has a better effect than strength training on physical performance, body composition, and hand strength in older adults living in the community. It also helps maintain cognitive function and improve depression and well-being.