Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman) is a specialist herbivore of Robinia pseudoacacia L., and its infestation is closely associated with tender leaf tissues. The ability of gravid females to recognize suitable host tissues is essential for successful oviposition and subsequent population development. Here, we assessed whether leaf age affects the host-selection behavior of O. robiniae and whether volatile organic compounds are associated with this process. Laboratory oviposition assays were used to compare egg deposition on tender leaves and mature leaves of R. pseudoacacia, and Y-tube olfactometer bioassays were performed to evaluate female responses to odors from the two leaf ages. Volatiles released from healthy tender leaves and mature leaves were collected using dynamic headspace sampling and characterized by thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, and variable importance in projection scores were used to compare volatile profiles between leaf ages. Gravid females deposited significantly more eggs on tender leaves than on mature leaves in both choice and no-choice assays. Females also showed a significant olfactory preference for tender-leaf odors when directly offered a choice between volatiles from tender leaves and mature leaves, with 76.47% of responding individuals selecting tender-leaf odors and 23.53% selecting mature-leaf odors. Chemical profiling identified 28 volatile compounds across the two leaf ages, and their composition and relative abundance differed markedly. Among shared compounds, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and α-farnesene differed significantly between tender leaves and mature leaves. Multivariate analyses further identified several candidate compounds contributing to leaf age-related volatile differences. These results indicate that leaf age influences both oviposition behavior and odor-mediated host location in O. robiniae. Leaf age-dependent volatile blends may serve as important chemical cues associated with host selection by gravid females and provide a basis for future studies on volatile-mediated management strategies.