Considerable efforts had been devoted to investigating numerically the droplet impact dynamics on a superhydrophobic surface, whereas most of these numerical simulations were restricted to the two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric coordinate system with the one-dimensional (1D) substrate surface. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, which intergrew a 2D random rough surface, was proposed to investigate the droplet impact dynamics, and the multi-phase flow issue was solved by the Navier–Stokes equations. It is remarkable that the 3D CFD model revealed several significant dynamic details that were not easily captured in a 2D axisymmetric coordinate system or practical experiments. For instance, the 3D CFD model provided a unique perspective to understand the varying dynamic behaviors of impinged droplet in terms of the velocity streamline and dynamic viscosity analyses. Herein, the dynamic viscosity diagram revealed that the sprawl droplet on the 2D random rough surface was classified as the Cassie state, while as the Wenzel state for the smooth surface, which also explained the better bouncing behaviors of the droplet from the random rough surface. Accordingly, we suggested a visual way to evaluate the solid–liquid contact area surrounded by the triple-phase contact line. The effects of finger protrusion and central cavity growth from the sprawl droplet on the vortex generation were further analyzed on the ground of the velocity amplitude distribution and streamline data. The present work can provide early guidance to inquire into the impact dynamics of droplets on the random rough surface.

China's coastal waters have significant alternating winter and summer monsoons, various meteorological activities are frequent, and marine resources are rich, and the development prospects are broad. Energy such as heat, function, and potential energy has a huge impact on human production and life. Therefore, accurate wind field data is useful for studying the coastal waters of China. This article uses multi-source satellite data, combined with the ERA-5 data provided by the European Weather Forecast Center (ECMWF), and uses classic machine learning methods and traditional interpolation methods to propose a feasible wind field interpolation method. The experiment generated seamless fined wind field data, and the wind field data has good accuracy, which can provide good data support for the construction of offshore areas in China.

Rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) coated conductors serve as second-generation high-temperature superconductors for high-field magnets and power transmission. Their multi-layer thin-film architecture accumulates stress at interfaces and within layers under mechanical loading. Delamination and fracture then cut the superconducting current path. The result is irreversible degradation of current-carrying capacity. Existing studies have focused mainly on delamination. The dominant role of fracture damage in current degradation has received less attention. This work builds a coupled mechanical–electrical–magnetic numerical framework. It combines higher-order shear deformation theory with a dual phase-field damage model. The framework predicts mechanical response, coupled damage evolution, and critical current degradation in REBCO tapes. Loading conditions include uniaxial tension, torsion, and combined tension-torsion loading. Levinson's third-order theory supplies the displacement and rotation fields. Two phase-field variables track delamination and fracture separately. Bidirectional coupling connects the two damage modes. The T–A formulation links mechanical damage to critical current density through a degradation function. Results show that normalized critical current drops sharply beyond ∼0.55% tensile strain. It reaches ∼0.3 at 0.9% strain. Under torsion, degradation accelerates past a critical threshold of ∼4°/mm. This rate exceeds that under pure tension. Combined loading produces strong coupling. This coupling further lowers the critical strain threshold. Edge shear stress concentration drives delamination. The model predictions match experimental observations. This framework supports reliability assessment and structural optimization of REBCO tapes under complex operating conditions.

Considerable efforts had been devoted to investigating numerically the droplet impact dynamics on a superhydrophobic surface, whereas most of these numerical simulations were restricted to the two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric coordinate system with the one-dimensional (1D) substrate surface. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, which intergrew a 2D random rough surface, was proposed to investigate the droplet impact dynamics, and the multi-phase flow issue was solved by the Navier–Stokes equations. It is remarkable that the 3D CFD model revealed several significant dynamic details that were not easily captured in a 2D axisymmetric coordinate system or practical experiments. For instance, the 3D CFD model provided a unique perspective to understand the varying dynamic behaviors of impinged droplet in terms of the velocity streamline and dynamic viscosity analyses. Herein, the dynamic viscosity diagram revealed that the sprawl droplet on the 2D random rough surface was classified as the Cassie state, while as the Wenzel state for the smooth surface, which also explained the better bouncing behaviors of the droplet from the random rough surface. Accordingly, we suggested a visual way to evaluate the solid–liquid contact area surrounded by the triple-phase contact line. The effects of finger protrusion and central cavity growth from the sprawl droplet on the vortex generation were further analyzed on the ground of the velocity amplitude distribution and streamline data. The present work can provide early guidance to inquire into the impact dynamics of droplets on the random rough surface.

Considerable efforts had been devoted to investigating numerically the droplet impact dynamics on a superhydrophobic surface, whereas most of these numerical simulations were restricted to the two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric coordinate system with the one-dimensional (1D) substrate surface. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, which intergrew a 2D random rough surface, was proposed to investigate the droplet impact dynamics, and the multi-phase flow issue was solved by the Navier–Stokes equations. It is remarkable that the 3D CFD model revealed several significant dynamic details that were not easily captured in a 2D axisymmetric coordinate system or practical experiments. For instance, the 3D CFD model provided a unique perspective to understand the varying dynamic behaviors of impinged droplet in terms of the velocity streamline and dynamic viscosity analyses. Herein, the dynamic viscosity diagram revealed that the sprawl droplet on the 2D random rough surface was classified as the Cassie state, while as the Wenzel state for the smooth surface, which also explained the better bouncing behaviors of the droplet from the random rough surface. Accordingly, we suggested a visual way to evaluate the solid–liquid contact area surrounded by the triple-phase contact line. The effects of finger protrusion and central cavity growth from the sprawl droplet on the vortex generation were further analyzed on the ground of the velocity amplitude distribution and streamline data. The present work can provide early guidance to inquire into the impact dynamics of droplets on the random rough surface.