Background: Sleep plays an important role in physiological regulation and has been increasingly recognised as a contributor to chronic non-communicable diseases, including obesity and hypertension. Objective: This study examined the relationships between sleep duration, sleep-related problems, and selected health indicators, including BMI (body mass index) and hypertension, and evaluated the prevalence of sleep-related difficulties, stress, and night-shift work in adults. Material and Methods: A total of 260 respondents (125 men, aged 42.24 ± 12.35 years; BMI 27.19 ± 4.3 kg/m²; and 135 women, aged 47.83 ± 11.72 years; BMI 26.57 ± 6.54 kg/m²) completed a 14-item questionnaire assessing sleep duration and quality, sleep-related problems, night-time awakenings, fatigue, stress, night-shift work and self-reported chronic conditions, including physician-diagnosed hypertension. Results: A significant association was found between insufficient sleep and overweight/obesity (p = 0.003), whereas no relationship was observed between sleep duration and hypertension (p = 0.232). Overall, 55% of respondents slept fewer than 7 hours, 35% slept 7-8 hours, and 10% slept more than 8 hours per night; overweight or obese individuals reported an average of 6.2 hours of sleep. Sleep problems were reported by 35% of participants, but showed no significant association with BMI. Stress was reported by 53% of respondents and was significantly associated with higher BMI (p = 0.005). Night-shift work was reported by 51.8% of participants and was significantly linked to overweight/obesity (p = 0.039). Hypertension was reported by 40.3% of respondents and was significantly associated with BMI (p < 0.0001), but not with sleep duration. Conclusions: Insufficient sleep, stress, and night-shift work were associated with increased BMI, while no association was found between sleep duration and hypertension. These factors should be considered when addressing weight-related health risks.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, although substantial metabolic abnormalities may also occur in individuals with normal body weight. This study compared anthropometric characteristics, body composition, lipid profile, LDL subfractions, inflammatory markers, liver biomarkers, and novel cardiometabolic indices in participants with MetS according to obesity status and characterized the metabolic phenotype of normal-weight participants with MetS. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 188 Slovak adults. Anthropometric, biochemical, lipoprotein, inflammatory, liver function, and cardiometabolic parameters were assessed. Group differences were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test, and associations were evaluated by Spearman’s correlation analysis. Results: Compared with controls, participants with MetS had significantly greater adiposity, visceral fat accumulation, atherogenic lipid alterations, elevated inflammatory and liver biomarkers, higher blood pressure, and increased cardiometabolic indices (p < 0.05). Within the MetS group, overweight/obese participants exhibited greater visceral adiposity and higher liver enzyme concentrations, whereas most lipid parameters, LDL subfraction distribution, and several cardiometabolic indices were comparable between weight groups. VAI, TyG, TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR, LAP, AIP, and CMI showed strong correlations with visceral adiposity, triglycerides, atherogenic LDL subfractions, and smaller LDL particle size. Conclusions: Obesity worsens body composition and hepatic dysfunction in MetS but has limited impact on several metabolic and atherogenic characteristics. LDL-C concentration alone may not sufficiently reflect the true atherogenic risk. These findings support the metabolically unhealthy normal-weight phenotype and highlight the value of novel cardiometabolic indices and LDL subfraction analysis for improved cardiometabolic risk assessment.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by impaired glycaemic control. We are familiar with the various types of DM and the different treatment options available. Nutrition is important for each type of DM. Objective: The objective of this study was to calculate daily energy and macronutrient intake in people with DM using three-day dietary records. Material and Methods: A total of 40 people with type 1 (45%) or type 2 (55%) DM completed a three-day dietary record. Daily energy and macronutrient intake were assessed using the Planeat nutritional application. Statistical analyses were performed using the two-sample t-test assuming unequal variances and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The participants had a mean age of 48.33 ± 21.71 years, with an average body weight of 73.60 ± 22.07 kg and height of 168.43 ± 12.80 cm. Compared with the reference values, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and triacylglycerol concentrations differed significantly (p < 0.001), whereas no significant difference was observed for total cholesterol (p > 0.05). Dietary analysis showed lower intakes of carbohydrates (155.04 ± 50.49 g) and fats (59.94 ± 30.44 g), while protein intake remained within the recommended range (78.35 ± 31.94 g). Carbohydrates accounted for a lower proportion of total daily energy intake (43.03 ± 8.75%), whereas the contributions of fats (34.61 ± 9.39%) and proteins (22.36 ± 6.61%) were higher. However, none of these differences between the measured and recommended macronutrient intakes reached statistical significance (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Medical nutrition therapy remains a key component of DM management. These findings emphasize the importance of individualized dietary counselling aimed at improving macronutrient balance, dietary quality, and patient education to support glycaemic control and reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications.

Background/Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the metabolic response of women to a six-week consumption of full-fat sheep milk yogurt, with a focus on cardiovascular risk markers, lipid profile, and subfractions of low-density (LDL) and high-density (HDL) lipoproteins of both atherogenic and non-atherogenic nature. Methods: A total of 55 women were enrolled in the nutritional intervention after the application of inclusion criteria. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after the six-week intervention period. Lipoprotein subfractions were determined in serum using the Lipoprint System LDL/HDL Subfractions Kit in combination with the Lipoprint^® analyzer. Results: In the group of women over 40 years of age with overweight or obesity, without adjustment for total cholesterol, a significant increase was observed in selected HDL subfractions (intermediate HDL-6, HDL-7 and small HDL-8, HDL-9; p < 0.05), while the small/large HDL ratio, LDL subfractions, and mean LDL particle size remained unchanged (p > 0.05). A decrease in triglycerides, LDL/HDL ratio, TG/HDL ratio, and cardiovascular risk index was recorded, alongside a slight increase in LDL-C and HDL-C levels. After adjustment for total cholesterol (T-C), no significant deterioration in the lipid profile was observed in either the group with normal or elevated T-C levels; in the group with elevated T-C, only the intermediate HDL-7 subfraction increased significantly (p < 0.05). Despite the presence of risk-level values in some parameters already at baseline (VLDL, IDL-A, IDL-B, small HDL), no worsening was observed. Conclusions: Six-week consumption of full-fat sheep milk yogurt did not lead to deterioration of the lipid profile or lipoprotein subfractions. The results suggest a neutral to mildly beneficial effect on selected cardiovascular risk markers.