Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), valued both for its medicinal and culinary uses, can be adversely affected by abiotic stresses such as high temperature and drought, which can impact its growth and development. The HSP90 gene family has been recognized as a crucial element for enhancing heat and drought resistance in plants. Nevertheless, no studies have yet reported on the HSP90 gene family in ginger. This study investigates the HSP90 gene family in ginger and its crucial role in the plant’s responses to abiotic stresses. A total of 11 ZoHSP90 members were identified in the ginger genome, and these genes were unevenly distributed across five chromosomes. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the HSP90 proteins in ginger vary in size, ranging from 306 to 886 amino acids. These proteins are predominantly located in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. Notably, ten conserved motifs were identified, with variations in motif distribution correlating with phylogenetic relationships among the genes. Furthermore, the gene structure analysis indicated differences in exon numbers, which may reflect specialized regulatory mechanisms and functional differentiation among the ZoHSP90 genes. Cis-acting elements within the promoter regions of the ZoHSP90 genes were identified, and their involvement in stress responses and hormonal signaling pathways was revealed. These elements are critical for regulating gene expression patterns in response to environmental stimuli, such as methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid. The presence of these elements indicates that ZoHSP90 genes play significant regulatory roles in plant adaptation to environmental changes. Expression profiling of the ZoHSP90 genes under various abiotic stress conditions demonstrated tissue specificity and dynamic regulation. Different ZoHSP90 genes exhibited distinct expression patterns in response to low-temperature, drought, high-temperature, and salt stresses. This suggests that the HSP90 gene family in ginger possesses both conserved functions and species-specific adaptations to optimize stress responses. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the molecular functions of the HSP90 gene family in ginger and lays the groundwork for future studies aimed at enhancing crop resilience through genetic engineering. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of plant adaptability to environmental stressors, which is crucial for improving agricultural productivity in the face of climate change.

Ginger, valued for its medicinal properties and economic significance, is vulnerable to environmental stressors such as intense light and high temperatures, which can hinder its growth and development. Class III peroxidases (PRXs) are plant-specific oxidoreductases essential for plant development, growth, and stress responses. Despite their importance, there is limited information available on the function of the class III peroxidase gene family in ginger (ZoPRX). In this study, 103 ZoPRX members within the ginger genome were identified, unevenly distributed across 11 chromosomes. The identified ZoPRX members were categorized into five subfamilies based on gene structures, protein motifs, and phylogenetic analysis. Gene duplication analysis revealed that ZoPRX has primarily undergone segmental duplication. Interspecies homology analysis between ginger and Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Musa acuminata suggested most ZoPRXs in ginger originated after the divergence of dicotyledon and monocotyledon. Analysis of promoter cis-acting elements identified defense and stress response elements in 39 genes and hormone response elements in 95 genes, indicating their potential roles in responding to environmental stresses. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed that the majority of ZoPRX members are responsive to high temperature and intense light stress. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the PRX family in ginger, thereby laying the groundwork for future investigations into the functional role of ZoPRX genes under high-temperature and intense light-stress conditions.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a significant medicinal and culinary plant, with its growth influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors. The FWL gene, containing the PLAC8 motif, is prevalent in fungi, algae, higher plants, and animals. In plants, FWL primarily regulates fruit weight, cell division, and participates in heavy metal transport. However, the FWL family members in ginger have not been previously identified. This study identified 21 FWL members within the ginger genome, distributed across nine chromosomes. These 21 FWL genes were categorized into five subfamilies based on the phylogenetic analysis. Gene-structure and motif analyses revealed that ZoFWL has been conserved throughout evolution. Concurrently, the ZoFWL gene exhibits a homologous evolutionary relationship only with Musa acuminata. We identified three pairs of fragment-repeat events encompassing five genes, which likely represent the primary mechanism for amplification within the ZoFWL gene family. The promoter regions of the ZoFWL genes are enriched with numerous cis-acting elements implicated in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress. These include elements responsive to low temperatures, anaerobic induction, MYB binding sites integral to defense and stress responses, and drought inducibility. Expression profiling revealed that the ZoFWL genes are responsive to a quartet of abiotic stressors, with ZoFWL18, in particular, demonstrating a pronounced response to osmotic, low-temperature, heat, and salinity stresses. This underscores the pivotal role of ZoFWLs in abiotic-stress responses. Our findings offer valuable insights into the potential of the ZoFWL gene family in modulating ginger rhizome development and the genes’ response to abiotic stressors, laying a foundational framework for future research into ginger’s resistance breeding.