The slope stability evaluation using the generalized Hoek–Brown criterion and regarding the scale effect has been implemented in terms of the Chaarat gold project. Furthermore, the probabilistic assessment and sensitivity analysis are performed. Slope failure probabilities are determined, and the slope stability factors are obtained as functions of the slope height and angle. The slope stability estimation based on classified approach considering the scale effect, including GSI rating and probabilistic analysis is tested in rock slopes. Slope stability is mainly governed by variability of the Geological Strength Index related with the scale effect.

《地球科学》(ISSN 1000-2383;CN42-1874/P) (原刊名《地球科学——中国地质大学学报》ISSN 1000-2383;CN42-1233/P)，创刊于1957年，是由教育部主管、中国地质大学主办的综合性地学学术理论期刊，月刊，2015年改名为《地球科学》,她以反映中国地质大学教学与科研最新的、高水平的基础地质、应用地质、资源与环境地质及地学工程技术研究成果为主要任务。

Introduction: The Bikou area, positioned at the junction of the Qinling orogenic belt and the Yangtze Plate, is critical for understanding both continental orogenesis and regional mineralization in China. Methods: To better understand the magmatic and metallogenic processes in this highly active region, we investigated the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of exposed diabase veins using petrological, geochronological, and geochemical methods. Results: Zircon U-Pb dating constrains the emplacement of these sub-alkaline tholeiitic diabases to the Late Triassic (201–206 Ma). The rocks display moderate SiO ₂ (44.57–49.58 wt%) and MgO (3.98–7.46 wt%, Mg ^# = 56–63), with flat REE patterns ((La/Yb) _N = 1.93–2.39) and weak positive Eu anomalies (δ _Eu = 0.85–1.21). Trace element geochemistry reveals Nb-Ta-Pb depletion and Ba-K enrichment, while Sr-Nd isotopes show limited variation ( ⁸⁷ Sr/ ⁸⁶ Srᵢ = 0.706627–0.707311; ε _Nd (t) = −1.16 to 0.16). Although the samples retain some arc-related geochemical fingerprints, regional tectonic analysis indicates a post-collisional origin. Discussion: We conclude that the Late Triassic diabase magmas were derived from a lithospheric mantle source contaminated by earlier subduction components. Their emplacement was ultimately triggered by lithospheric extension and asthenospheric upwelling in the South Qinling belt. This study refines the current model for the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Bikou area.

Banded iron formations (BIFs) are marine chemical sedimentary rocks comprised of alternating siliceous- and iron-rich bands and deposited from Eoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic. Due to their geological antiquity, BIFs normally have been overprinted by postdepositional tectono-thermal events, leading to large uncertainties with respect to their depositional age and field occurrence. The studied Gongyiming BIF-type iron deposit, which is a typical example of its metamorphosed Archean counterparts, is preserved within the Guyang Greenstone Belt, the North China Craton (NCC). The formation age of this BIF and effects of postdepositional tectono-thermal events on this BIF have not yet been well determined, limiting our understanding of its geological implication and the current occurrence of its orebodies. In this study, we provided new geological and zircon U-Pb geochronological evidence for the Gongyiming BIF that supports a possibly early Neoarchean depositional age (>2.66 Ga). This finding not only helps to fill the early Neoarchean age gap in BIF records in China, but also supports the previously documented multi-stage crustal growth model for the NCC. Furthermore, a metamorphic age of ~2.50 Ga is recorded by the BIF-bearing plagioclase amphibolite and monzogranitic gneiss that intruded into the plagioclase amphibolite. This metamorphic age is consistent with the time for an extensively identified late Neoarchean tectonic event in the NCC. The identification of a 1.90 Ga old potassium feldspar granite within this BIF indicates the plausible influence of the regional late Paleoproterozoic tectono-thermal event. This event is likely to have caused the development of a large-scale scale dextral shearing in the Gongyiming mining area, which ultimately shaped the field occurrence of its No. 2 and No. 3 ore bodies. Collectively, a structurally controlled exploration model was established for the Gongyiming BIF-type iron deposit, which facilitates the understanding of its ore body reworking processes and guides further regional iron deposit exploration and prospecting efforts.