The legalization of the cultivation of low Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and high cannabidiol (CBD) Cannabis Sativa plants is gaining momentum around the world due to increasing demand for CBD-containing products. In many countries where CBD oils, extracts and CBD-infused foods and beverages are being sold in health shops and supermarkets, appropriate testing of these products is a legal requirement. Normally this involves determining the total Δ9-THC and CBD and their precursor tetrahydrocannabinolic acids (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). As our knowledge of the other relevant cannabinoids expands, it is likely so too will the demand for them as additives in many consumer products ensuring a necessity for quantification methods and protocols for their identification. This paper discusses therapeutically relevant cannabinoids found in Cannabis plant, the applicability and efficiency of existing extraction and analytical techniques as well as the legal requirements for these analyses. Graphical Abstract

Introduction: Wound management presents significant challenges, requiring effective treatments. Herbal extracts have been traditionally used to support healing due to their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cellregenerative properties.Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Pau D’Arco (Tabebuia), Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica), Figwort (Scrophularia nodosa), and Broadleaf (Plantago major) extracts, both individually and combined, on wound healing in vitro and in vivo in equine models. In vitro tests using human macrophages and keratinocyte cell lines to assess cellular responses such as cytokine secretion and phagocytic activity under simulated inflammatory conditions. Additionally, pilot case studies on equines with open wounds provided practical insights into the extracts’ healing capabilities.Results: MTT assay was used to assess cytotoxicity. The extracts did not significantly affect the viability of HaCaT or THP-1 cells. The herbal extracts reduced IL-8 levels and increased phagocytic activity in macrophages, indicating an ability to modulate inflammatory responses. In vivo, the extracts were well tolerated and associated with supported healing in equines. These effects were suggested to be attributed to the synergistic actions of the herbal components.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the herbal extracts may be useful for supporting wound healing. Their natural anti-inflammatory and healing properties could provide an additional option alongside traditional wound management approaches.

Cyanobacteria are increasingly recognised as photosynthetic chassis for sustainable metabolic engineering because oxygenic photosynthesis generates ATP and NADPH via the photosynthetic electron transport chain, which drive CO₂ fixation through the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle into carbon intermediates that can be redirected toward engineered heterologous pathways. Their genetic tractability, CO₂-fixing capacity, ecological adaptability, and relatively simple cellular organisation make them attractive platforms for developing low-carbon biotechnological processes. This review explores recent progress in engineering cyanobacteria for heterologous pathway construction, critically evaluating genetic tools including transformation methods, genome integration strategies, promoter systems, and CRISPR-based editing, with specific emphasis on challenges of direct relevance to phototrophic chassis: host–pathway metabolic compatibility, precursor supply, cofactor balancing between photosynthetic output and heterologous pathway demand, and achieving genetic stability in polyploid cyanobacterial genomes. The review also addresses key limitations with mechanistic context: metabolic burden from multi-gene pathway expression reduces growth rate and selects against producing cells; polyploidy delays complete chromosomal segregation of engineered constructs; slow photoautotrophic growth constrains volumetric productivity; native regulatory networks resist carbon flux redirection; and cultivation constraints—including light attenuation in dense cultures and mismatches between photosynthetic ATP/NADPH supply and heterologous pathway demand—further limit achievable yields.