Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) present a significant public health problem and economic burden. The aim of the study was to determine mental health outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of RTA victims 6 months following a road trauma and factors associated with mental and physical components of HRQOL; Methods: A cohort of 200 RTA victims was followed during a 6-month period and a wide range of sociodemographic, health-related, RTA-related, injury-related, psychological and victim-related factors associated with the HRQOL scores were explored using multiple regression analyses; Results: Lower physical component summary score was associated with pre-existing chronic disease, self-perceived life threat, surgical treatment, amnesia following an RTA, permanent pain, increase in pain intensity or frequency and depression symptoms (p < 0.05); lower mental component summary score was associated with irreligiousness, rehabilitation procedure, depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, permanent pain and increase in medication use (p < 0.05); Conclusions: HRQOL measurement after an RTA should provide holistic assessment of physical, mental and social consequences throughout an extended period of recovery. Together with evaluation of predictors of poorer HRQOL and recovery, this could enable an individual approach to individual needs of RTA victims.