Myofibroblastoma is a rare mesenchymal tumour known for its benign nature but complex diagnostic pathway. A woman in her 40s presented with a painless breast mass, initially reported as a fibroadenoma on ultrasound mammography and as a benign to borderline phyllodes tumour on fine needle aspiration cytology. Contrast-enhanced CT was reported as carcinoma of the breast with Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BIRADS)-6. Based on these findings, a modified right radical mastectomy was performed. This case highlights the limitations of radiological modalities in diagnosing myofibroblastoma due to its diverse morphological spectrum. The definitive diagnosis was established through extensive histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry, which demonstrated the tumour’s unique immunoprofile, showing strong positivity for CD34 and focal positivity for desmin and Bcl-2. This case underscores the role of histopathology and immunohistochemistry in distinguishing myofibroblastoma from other breast lesions, emphasising the need for high diagnostic accuracy and thorough evaluation to guide appropriate management and avoid unnecessary, aggressive treatments.

We report the case of a girl in her middle childhood who presented with progressive neck swelling, sore throat, dysphagia, low-grade fever and malaise, and with no prior vaccinations. Examination revealed a ‘bull neck’ appearance with pseudomembranous pharyngitis, which showed bleeding on membrane removal. The patient did not have any respiratory distress, but RT-PCR confirmed the concurrent coinfection of DPT with SARS-CoV-2. The laboratory investigations exhibited a leucocyte count of 17.2 × 10⁹/L and ALT raised at 113 U/L, indicative of systemic involvement. Imaging showed mild tonsillar calcifications with ground-glass opacities on the chest CT, which placed a CT severity score for cough severity of 13/25, indicating moderate COVID-19 pneumonia. Treatment was intravenous DPT antitoxin (100 000 units) and cefotaxime (1 g two times per day for 14 days). Symptomatic resolution occurred within 10 days, including clearing inflammatory markers and membranes. Recovery was complete and uncomplicated, with no sequelae after 3 months.

Objectives: Ependymomas are rare glial tumors arising from ependymal cells. Most fetal ependymomas reported in the literature are identified in the third trimester. This report describes prenatal detection of an occipital encephalocele at 14 weeks’ gestation with subsequent post-termination histopathological identification of ependymoma. Case presentation: A woman in her 20s (gravida 2, para 0) underwent routine ultrasonography at 14 weeks’ gestation at a tertiary care hospital in India. Imaging showed a large occipital encephalocele with herniated disorganized brain parenchyma and associated fetal anomalies; no antenatal tumor diagnosis was made. After counseling regarding the severe cranial malformation, guarded prognosis, and management options, the parents elected medical termination of pregnancy. The fetus weighed 40 g. Histopathological examination showed monomorphic cells forming perivascular pseudorosettes and ependymal canal-like structures. Glial fibrillary acidic protein highlighted the perivascular processes; epithelial membrane antigen and S-100 were negative. The histomorphological features supported a histology-based diagnosis of ependymoma, CNS WHO grade 2. Molecular studies were not performed; therefore, molecular subgrouping was unavailable. Conclusions: At 14 weeks’ gestation, ultrasonography identified an occipital encephalocele, whereas ependymoma was identified only by post-termination histopathological examination. This case emphasizes early anatomical assessment, balanced parental counseling, and clinicopathological correlation while acknowledging uncertainty regarding the relationship between the encephalocele and the neoplasm.

We present a unique case of a fetus with dextrocardia, asplenia and a right bilobed lung in a primigravida woman in her 20s at 21 weeks’ gestation. Prenatal ultrasound examination revealed dextrocardia and other anomalies such as atrioventricular septal defect and situs ambiguous with the gallbladder on the left, leading to termination of the pregnancy. Fetal autopsy confirmed the diagnosis, detected additional findings such as asplenia and right bilobed lung missed on ultrasound and highlighted the importance of autopsy in prenatal diagnosis. This rare case emphasises the value of a comprehensive prenatal assessment, fetal autopsy and a multidisciplinary approach in diagnosing, managing and counselling families affected by congenital anomalies. Timely detection and appropriate genetic counselling can guide affected families in making informed decisions regarding future pregnancies while providing closure and support in their grieving process.

A man in his 50s presented with persistent left flank pain, imaging revealed a non-functioning hydronephrotic left kidney with multiple calculi and thinning of the renal parenchyma, prompting a radical nephrectomy. Histopathological examination unexpectedly identified two distinct neoplasms—a type 1 papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) and primary mucinous adenocarcinoma arising from the pelvicalyceal system. Immunohistochemistry confirmed their separate epithelial origins. Neither tumour had metastasised. Chronic irritation from nephrolithiasis and hydronephrosis may have promoted the development of the mucinous adenocarcinoma, while sporadic genetic alterations likely underpinned the PRCC. This case highlights the need for thorough pathological assessment and, specifically, to consider multiple primary tumours in patients with chronic renal pathology. Early surgical intervention and careful histopathological evaluation are crucial for accurate diagnosis, informing disease management and potentially improving patient outcomes.