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Xun Liu
School of Civil Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215000, China

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Journal article
Published: 02 August 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Various factors affecting the construction progress are regarded as bottlenecks giving rise to the project duration overrun. The contractor should combine the project schedule with the plan in order to reduce the uncertainty of the project activities. The present research describes the method derived from the theory of constraints (TOC) attempts to enhance the relationship among activities, to revise and further reduce the uncertainty of construction activities to improve the reliability of project progress. The elements of drum, buffer and rope (DBR) in TOC are added to PERT network schedule; through the identification of schedule in the bottleneck process, the implementation plan of the bottleneck is obtained. By measuring buffer time and calculating network schedule buffer time as well as feeding time, the relationship among activities and uncertainty of duration are also improved. To illustrate the impact of DBR applications on improving project schedule reliability, a case of hydropower station as an example is illustrated to show enhanced reliability of scheduling. As compared to program evaluation and review technique network (PERT) simulation, the simulation results showed that the uncertainty of construction progress could be reduced if the DBR are well cooperated mutually.

ACS Style

Xun Liu; Le Shen; Kun Zhang. Estimating the Probability Distribution of Construction Project Completion Times Based on Drum-Buffer-Rope Theory. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 7150 .

AMA Style

Xun Liu, Le Shen, Kun Zhang. Estimating the Probability Distribution of Construction Project Completion Times Based on Drum-Buffer-Rope Theory. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (15):7150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xun Liu; Le Shen; Kun Zhang. 2021. "Estimating the Probability Distribution of Construction Project Completion Times Based on Drum-Buffer-Rope Theory." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15: 7150.

Journal article
Published: 08 June 2021 in Sustainability
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Green construction technologies (GCTs) are important drivers of sustainable development in the construction industry. Despite a wide range of GCTs being available on the Chinese construction market, they are not yet widely popular. This study aims to evaluate the critical barriers hampering large-scale GCT adoption in China. Through a literature review, 21 barriers were identified and listed in the questionnaire survey, and 225 valid responses from 21 provinces in China were collected. The Mann–Whitney U test was conducted to verify whether different stakeholder groups perceive these barriers differently. Moreover, a comparative analysis of barriers to GCT, GBT (green building technologies), and GC (green construction) adoption was conducted. Results of statistical analyses showed that the top five barriers inhibiting GCT adoption are “lack of government incentives”, “extra costs associated with GCTs”, “dependence on traditional construction technology”, “a shortage of technological training for project staff”, and “conflicts of interest among stakeholders in GCT adoption”. Moreover, the top five factors preventing the adoption of GCTs differ from those of GBTs and GCs. This study not only provides valuable resources for stakeholders to better understand the critical factors preventing GCT adoption, but also could help policy makers to effectively promote GCT adoption.

ACS Style

Yujing Wang; Dan Chong; Xun Liu. Evaluating the Critical Barriers to Green Construction Technologies Adoption in China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6510 .

AMA Style

Yujing Wang, Dan Chong, Xun Liu. Evaluating the Critical Barriers to Green Construction Technologies Adoption in China. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6510.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yujing Wang; Dan Chong; Xun Liu. 2021. "Evaluating the Critical Barriers to Green Construction Technologies Adoption in China." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6510.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2020 in Water
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River course is the path of carrying river flow and the blood of modern economic and social development. River operation management has attracted great attention from governments and water conservancy circles all over the world. In China, the river operation management mode refers to the combination of two dimensions: The organization method of river operation management and the bearing and use method of river maintenance fund. Based on the practice of China, we used a two-dimensional matrix method to construct a feasible mode set, including 12 modes, according to the various organization methods of river operation management and the bearing and use methods of river maintenance fund over the years in China. We also compared and analyzed the advantages, disadvantages, and applicable conditions of these 12 river operation management modes. In particular, we investigated the main rivers of 19 provinces and municipalities in China, identified the main factors of the river operation management mode, further identified 5 key indexes, and constructed a decision-making index system for the river operation management mode. We used the intuitionistic fuzzy hybrid average (IFHA) and intuitionistic fuzzy weighted average (IFWA) operators to construct a set of river operation management mode selection method based on intuitionistic fuzzy decision-making. A case study was conducted to select the operation management mode for the Heilongjiang section of Songhua River, using the method put forward in this paper. This study can promote water resource management research and prepare for a possible future sustainability emergency.

ACS Style

Wujuan Zhai; Zhuofu Wang; Jiyong Ding; Xun Liu. An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Based Decision-Making Method for River Operation Management: Practice from China. Water 2020, 12, 1322 .

AMA Style

Wujuan Zhai, Zhuofu Wang, Jiyong Ding, Xun Liu. An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Based Decision-Making Method for River Operation Management: Practice from China. Water. 2020; 12 (5):1322.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wujuan Zhai; Zhuofu Wang; Jiyong Ding; Xun Liu. 2020. "An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Based Decision-Making Method for River Operation Management: Practice from China." Water 12, no. 5: 1322.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Microelectrodes can be used to obtain chemical profiles within biofilm microenvironments. For example, sulfate (SO42−) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) microelectrodes can be used to study sulfate reduction activity in this context. However, there is no SO42− microelectrode available for studying sulfate reduction in biofilms. In this study, SO42− and H2S microelectrodes were fabricated and applied in the measurement of a wastewater membrane-aerated biofilm (MAB) to investigate the in situ sulfate reduction activity. Both the SO42− and H2S microelectrodes with a tip diameter of around 20 micrometers were successfully developed and displayed satisfying selectivity to SO42− and H2S, respectively. The Nernstian slopes of calibration curves of the fabricated SO42− electrodes were close to −28.1 mV/decade, and the R2 values were greater than 98%. Within the selected concentration range from 10−5 M (0.96 mg/L) to 10−2 M (960 mg/L), the response of the SO42− microelectrode was log-linearly related to its concentration. The successfully fabricated SO42− microelectrode was combined with the existing H2S microelectrode and applied on an environmental wastewater biofilm sample to investigate the sulfate reduction activity within it. The H2S and SO42− microelectrodes showed stable responses and good performance, and the decrease of SO42− with an accompanying increased of H2S within the biofilm indicated the in situ sulfate reduction activity. The application of combined SO42− and H2S microelectrodes in wastewater biofilms could amend the current understanding of sulfate reduction and sulfur oxidation within environmental biofilms based on only H2S microelectrodes.

ACS Style

Hong Liu; Xun Liu; Ning Ding. An Innovative in Situ Monitoring of Sulfate Reduction within a Wastewater Biofilm by H2S and SO42− Microsensors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2023 .

AMA Style

Hong Liu, Xun Liu, Ning Ding. An Innovative in Situ Monitoring of Sulfate Reduction within a Wastewater Biofilm by H2S and SO42− Microsensors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (6):2023.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hong Liu; Xun Liu; Ning Ding. 2020. "An Innovative in Situ Monitoring of Sulfate Reduction within a Wastewater Biofilm by H2S and SO42− Microsensors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 2023.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The importance of occupational ethics risk considerations during technology transaction in the construction industry is acknowledged. This is particularly in that the industry plays a significant part in a nation’s development. The technology transaction has seen an increase in activity due to massive infrastructure development programmers adopted by governments and increase in external investment. The technology transaction, like any other, is not immune to unethical occupational behavior. This study aims to investigate the source of occupational ethics risk during technology transaction in the Chinese construction industry. A review of literature demonstrated that a number of contextual factors can influence unethical occupational risk practices. In total, 130 engineering practitioners took part in a questionnaire survey to explore the source of occupational ethics risk during the technology transaction in the Chinese construction industry. Firstly, there were 25 factors identified through literature review overall, which were sorted and analyzed. Among the twenty-five factors, three were identified as the most significant factors: Unreasonable incentives for technology trading; poor regulation; and asymmetry of information. Then, through exploratory factor analysis (EPA) method, the twenty-five factors were divided into seven groups: legal environment, industry environment, incompleteness of information, asymmetry of information, difficulty of observation of information, differences between the two sides of cooperation, and incorrect conceptual awareness. This study provided an added dimension to the understanding of occupational ethics risk issues during the technology transaction in the Chinese construction industry. This paper therefore contributes to the list of countries where similar studies have been undertaken.

ACS Style

Xun Liu; Sen Lin; Lixing Liu; Fei Qian; Kun Zhang; Liu. Exploring the Factors Triggering Occupational Ethics Risk of Technology Transaction in Chinese Construction Industry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1175 .

AMA Style

Xun Liu, Sen Lin, Lixing Liu, Fei Qian, Kun Zhang, Liu. Exploring the Factors Triggering Occupational Ethics Risk of Technology Transaction in Chinese Construction Industry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (4):1175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xun Liu; Sen Lin; Lixing Liu; Fei Qian; Kun Zhang; Liu. 2020. "Exploring the Factors Triggering Occupational Ethics Risk of Technology Transaction in Chinese Construction Industry." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1175.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Microsensors were applied to study the diffusion reaction and activity of a nitrogen species of deposit sediment from a drinking water supply system. Microprofiles of dissolved oxygen (DO), NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and NO2−N in the sediment indicated that the DO concentration decreased from the highest at the sediment surface to zero at the bottom of the sediment. Similarly, with the increase of depth, NH4+-N initially increased rapidly and then decreased slowly, while the concentration of NO3−-N reached a maximum at around 6000 μm and then decreased to about 0.1 mg·L−1 near the bottom of the sediment. Almost no change was observed for NO2−-N. The decrease of NH4+-N and DO corresponded well with the increase of NO3−-N. Furthermore, based on a consumption and production rate analysis, DO has always been consumed; the NH4+-N consumption rate increased rapidly within 0–1000 μm, reaching about 14 mg·L−1·S−1·10−9. A small amount of NH4+-N was produced in 2000–6000 μm, which could be attributed to denitrification activity. There was no change deeper than 6000 μm, while NO3−-N was produced at a depth between 0 and 6000 μm and was consumed in the deeper zone. At the depth of 9000 μm, the NO3−-N consumption reached a maximum of 5 mg·L−1·S−1·10−9. The consumption of DO and NH4+-N, which corresponded with the production of NO3−-N in a specific microscale range within the sediment, demonstrated nitrification and denitrification activities. In addition, the time required for the diffusion of only DO, NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and NO2−-N was estimated as 14 days; however, in the practical, even after 60 days of operation, there was still a continuous reaction, which provided further evidence towards microbial activities within the sediment.

ACS Style

Xun Liu; Hong Liu; Ning Ding; Liu. Chloramine Disinfection-Induced Nitrification Activities and Their Potential Public Health Risk Indications within Deposits of a Drinking Water Supply System. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 772 .

AMA Style

Xun Liu, Hong Liu, Ning Ding, Liu. Chloramine Disinfection-Induced Nitrification Activities and Their Potential Public Health Risk Indications within Deposits of a Drinking Water Supply System. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):772.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xun Liu; Hong Liu; Ning Ding; Liu. 2020. "Chloramine Disinfection-Induced Nitrification Activities and Their Potential Public Health Risk Indications within Deposits of a Drinking Water Supply System." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 772.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2019 in Entropy
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The project delivery mode is an extremely important link in the life cycle of water engineering. Many cases show that increases in the costs, construction period, and claims in the course of the implementation of water engineering are related to the decision of the project delivery mode in the early stages. Therefore, it is particularly important to choose a delivery mode that matches the water engineering. On the basis of identifying the key factors that affect the decision on the project delivery system and establishing a set of index systems, a comprehensive decision of engineering transaction is essentially considered to be a fuzzy multi-attribute group decision. In this study, intuitionistic fuzzy entropy was used to determine the weight of the influencing factors on the engineering transaction mode; then, intuitionistic fuzzy entropy was used to determine the weight of decision experts. Thus, a comprehensive scheme-ranking model based on an intuitionistic fuzzy hybrid average (IFHA) operator and intuitionistic fuzzy weighted average (IFWA) operator was established. Finally, a practical case analysis of a hydropower station further demonstrated the feasibility, objectivity, and scientific nature of the decision model.

ACS Style

Xun Liu; Fei Qian; Lingna Lin; Kun Zhang; Lianbo Zhu. Intuitionistic Fuzzy Entropy for Group Decision Making of Water Engineering Project Delivery System Selection. Entropy 2019, 21, 1101 .

AMA Style

Xun Liu, Fei Qian, Lingna Lin, Kun Zhang, Lianbo Zhu. Intuitionistic Fuzzy Entropy for Group Decision Making of Water Engineering Project Delivery System Selection. Entropy. 2019; 21 (11):1101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xun Liu; Fei Qian; Lingna Lin; Kun Zhang; Lianbo Zhu. 2019. "Intuitionistic Fuzzy Entropy for Group Decision Making of Water Engineering Project Delivery System Selection." Entropy 21, no. 11: 1101.

Methodologies and application
Published: 07 March 2019 in Soft Computing
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Appropriate project delivery model is one of the key factors affecting a project’s success. Most decision-making methods of project delivery are based on vague qualitative indicators. However, a numerical scale is usually unable to effectively and accurately reflect the preferences of decision-makers. Scholars have found that applying the fuzzy set theory and using the fuzzy ordered weighted geometric averaging (FOWGA) operator for project delivery system (PDS) decision could reduce the judgment information losing to a certain extent and improve the objectivity and fairness of group decision-making. In this study, we further addressed the decision method and procedure for PDS decision by using the FOWGA operator and demonstrated the mode selection method as well. The results demonstrated that the method can overcome the current drawback of subjectivity of the project delivery decision method, better solve the decision-making information losing problem during assembling process and further reflect the priority of the PDS so as to improve the efficiency of the group decision.

ACS Style

Xun Liu; Hong Liu. Application of fuzzy ordered weighted geometric averaging (FOWGA) operator for project delivery system decision-making. Soft Computing 2019, 23, 13297 -13307.

AMA Style

Xun Liu, Hong Liu. Application of fuzzy ordered weighted geometric averaging (FOWGA) operator for project delivery system decision-making. Soft Computing. 2019; 23 (24):13297-13307.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xun Liu; Hong Liu. 2019. "Application of fuzzy ordered weighted geometric averaging (FOWGA) operator for project delivery system decision-making." Soft Computing 23, no. 24: 13297-13307.

Conference paper
Published: 09 November 2017 in ICCREM 2017
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Reasonable bid division is one of the key factors affecting project’s success. Project owners need quantitative analysis to achieve efficiency and economic unity. This paper presented the combined effects of project bid division, analyzed the bid division decision-making model under several assumptions, and addressed the combination effect on sub-programs. In addition, the method and procedure for the decision methods of bid division was proposed and the mode selection method was demonstrated. The established model for division of bid sections provides new theoretical platform for dividing project bid sections in practice.

ACS Style

Xun Liu; Hong Liu. Combination Effect Analysis of Construction Bid Division for Construction Engineering Project. ICCREM 2017 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Xun Liu, Hong Liu. Combination Effect Analysis of Construction Bid Division for Construction Engineering Project. ICCREM 2017. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xun Liu; Hong Liu. 2017. "Combination Effect Analysis of Construction Bid Division for Construction Engineering Project." ICCREM 2017 , no. : 1.