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Prof. Krzysztof Schabowicz
Wrocław University of Science and Technology

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0 Concrete Materials
0 Concrete Testing
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Fiber cement
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Short Biography

Krzysztof Schabowicz is a specialist in the field of building engineering, building law, diagnostics, and the maintenance of engineering structures. He deals with ventilated façades, in particular the production technology and testing of external fiber cement cladding in the field of the detection, identification and classification of degradation and damage processes, as well as the methodology of these tests. He conducts scientific research and development works related to the implementation of non-destructive diagnostic devices and technologies in construction work, including the use of artificial intelligence. Author and co-author of 5 books, over 200 publications, and 9 patents, he has more than 500 citations in Web of Science. He serves as an Editor of Materials (MDPI) and Editorial Board member of Civil Engineering and Architecture (HRPUB), and Nondestructive Testing and Diagnostics (SIMP). He developed more than 200 reviews of journal and conference articles. He is co-author of 9 patents and 1 patent application. He is a member of the Polish Association of Civil Engineers and Technicians (PZITB) and a member of the Polish Association of Building Mycology (PSMB). His research interests include concrete, fiber cement, ultrasonic tomography, impact-echo, impulse-response, GPR and other non-destructive tests, and artificial intelligence.

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Editorial
Published: 20 June 2021 in Materials
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This issue is proposed and organized as a means to present recent developments in the field of testing of materials in civil engineering. For this reason, the articles highlighted in this issue should relate to different aspects of testing of different materials in civil engineering, from building materials and elements to building structures. The current trend in the development of materials testing in civil engineering is mainly concerned with the detection of flaws and defects in elements and structures using destructive, semi-destructive, and nondestructive testing. The trend, as in medicine, is toward designing test equipment that allows one to obtain a picture of the inside of the tested element and materials. Very interesting results with significance for building practices of testing of materials and elements in civil engineering were obtained.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz. Testing of Materials and Elements in Civil Engineering. Materials 2021, 14, 3412 .

AMA Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz. Testing of Materials and Elements in Civil Engineering. Materials. 2021; 14 (12):3412.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2021. "Testing of Materials and Elements in Civil Engineering." Materials 14, no. 12: 3412.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2021 in Materials
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An analysis was conducted on the possibility of making an assessment of the degree of plastic deformation ε in X2CrNi18-9 steel by measuring three electromagnetic diagnostic signals: the Barkhausen noise features, the impedance components in in-series LCR circuits, and the residual magnetic field components. The impact of ε on a series of different extracted features of diagnostic signals was investigated. The occurrence of two regions of sensitivity was found for all the features of the analysed signals. The two regions were separated by the following critical deformation value: ε ~ 10% for the components of the residual magnetic field and ε ~ 15% for the normalised components of impedance. As for the Barkhausen noise signal, the values were as follows: ε ~ 20% for the mean value, ε ~ 20% for the peak value of the signal envelope, and ε ~ 5% for the total number of the signal events. Metallographic tests were performed, which revealed essential changes in the microstructure of the tested material for the established critical values. The martensite transformation occurring during the plastic deformation process of X2CrNi18-9 austenitic steel process generated a magnetic phase. This magnetic phase was strong enough to relate the strain state to the values of diagnostic signals. The changes in the material electromagnetic properties due to martensitic transformation (γ → α’) began much earlier than indicated by the metallographic testing results.

ACS Style

Maciej Roskosz; Krzysztof Fryczowski; Lechosław Tuz; Jianbo Wu; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Dominik Logoń. Analysis of the Possibility of Plastic Deformation Characterisation in X2CrNi18-9 Steel Using Measurements of Electromagnetic Parameters. Materials 2021, 14, 2904 .

AMA Style

Maciej Roskosz, Krzysztof Fryczowski, Lechosław Tuz, Jianbo Wu, Krzysztof Schabowicz, Dominik Logoń. Analysis of the Possibility of Plastic Deformation Characterisation in X2CrNi18-9 Steel Using Measurements of Electromagnetic Parameters. Materials. 2021; 14 (11):2904.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maciej Roskosz; Krzysztof Fryczowski; Lechosław Tuz; Jianbo Wu; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Dominik Logoń. 2021. "Analysis of the Possibility of Plastic Deformation Characterisation in X2CrNi18-9 Steel Using Measurements of Electromagnetic Parameters." Materials 14, no. 11: 2904.

Journal article
Published: 03 April 2021 in Materials
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The paper analyzes the issue of the reduction of load capacity in fiber cement board during a fire. Fiber cement boards were put under the influence of fire by using a large-scale facade model. Such a model is a reliable source of knowledge about the behavior of facade cladding and the way fire spreads. One technical solution for external walls—a ventilated facade—is gaining popularity and is used more and more often. However, the problem of the destruction during a fire of a range of different materials used in external facade cladding is insufficiently recognized. For this study, the authors used fiber cement boards as the facade cladding. Fiber cement boards are fiber-reinforced composite materials, mainly used for facade cladding, but also used as roof cladding, drywall, drywall ceiling and floorboards. This paper analyzes the effect of fire temperatures on facade cladding using a large-scale facade model. Samples were taken from external facade cladding materials that were mounted on the model at specific locations above the combustion chamber. Subsequently, three-point bending flexural tests were performed and the effects of temperature and the integrals of temperature and time functions on the samples were evaluated. The three-point bending flexural test was chosen because it is a universal method for assessing fiber cement boards, cited in Standard EN 12467. It also allows easy reference to results in other literature.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Paweł Sulik; Łukasz Zawiślak. Reduction of Load Capacity of Fiber Cement Board Facade Cladding under the Influence of Fire. Materials 2021, 14, 1769 .

AMA Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz, Paweł Sulik, Łukasz Zawiślak. Reduction of Load Capacity of Fiber Cement Board Facade Cladding under the Influence of Fire. Materials. 2021; 14 (7):1769.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Paweł Sulik; Łukasz Zawiślak. 2021. "Reduction of Load Capacity of Fiber Cement Board Facade Cladding under the Influence of Fire." Materials 14, no. 7: 1769.

Journal article
Published: 12 January 2021 in Materials
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This paper presents the possibility of using low-module polypropylene dispersed reinforcement (E = 4.9 GPa) to influence the load-deflection correlation of cement composites. Problems have been indicated regarding the improvement of elastic range by using that type of fibre as compared with a composite without reinforcement. It was demonstrated that it was possible to increase the ability to carry stress in the Hooke’s law proportionality range in mortar and paste types of composites reinforced with low-module fibres, i.e., Vf = 3% (in contrast to concrete composites). The possibility of having good strengthening and deflection control in order to limit the catastrophic destruction process was confirmed. In this paper, we identify the problem of deformation assessment in composites with significant deformation capacity. Determining the effects of reinforcement based on a comparison with a composite without fibres is suggested as a reasonable approach as it enables the comparison of results obtained by various universities with different research conditions.

ACS Style

Dominik Logoń; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Maciej Roskosz; Krzysztof Fryczowski. The Increase in the Elastic Range and Strengthening Control of Quasi Brittle Cement Composites by Low-Module Dispersed Reinforcement: An Assessment of Reinforcement Effects. Materials 2021, 14, 341 .

AMA Style

Dominik Logoń, Krzysztof Schabowicz, Maciej Roskosz, Krzysztof Fryczowski. The Increase in the Elastic Range and Strengthening Control of Quasi Brittle Cement Composites by Low-Module Dispersed Reinforcement: An Assessment of Reinforcement Effects. Materials. 2021; 14 (2):341.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dominik Logoń; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Maciej Roskosz; Krzysztof Fryczowski. 2021. "The Increase in the Elastic Range and Strengthening Control of Quasi Brittle Cement Composites by Low-Module Dispersed Reinforcement: An Assessment of Reinforcement Effects." Materials 14, no. 2: 341.

Journal article
Published: 04 July 2020 in Materials
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This paper presents the recognition of micro-events and their concentration in quasi-brittle cement composites and the identification of the destruction process based on acoustic emission and sound spectrum. The tests were conducted on a quasi-brittle composite of a cement paste reinforced with a high volume of dispersed polypropylene fibers. The possibility of identifying the destruction process based on acoustic emission and sound spectrum was confirmed. This paper focused on the identification of micro-events using the 3D spectrum. It was shown that the identification of the concentration of micro-events precedes the occurrence of critical crack fcr, ending the Hooke’s law range. The ability to recognize this phenomenon with the use of the 3D spectrum makes it possible to predict the structure destruction process and subsequently to assess the structure destruction (micro and macro-cracks) and the reinforcement destruction (pull-off, breaking). It was confirmed that the three-dimensional spectrum provided additional information, enabling a better recognition of micro and macro-changes in the structure of the samples based on the analysis of sound intensity, amplitudes, and frequencies.

ACS Style

Dominik Logoń; Krzysztof Schabowicz. The Recognition of the Micro-Events in Cement Composites and the Identification of the Destruction Process Using Acoustic Emission and Sound Spectrum. Materials 2020, 13, 2988 .

AMA Style

Dominik Logoń, Krzysztof Schabowicz. The Recognition of the Micro-Events in Cement Composites and the Identification of the Destruction Process Using Acoustic Emission and Sound Spectrum. Materials. 2020; 13 (13):2988.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dominik Logoń; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2020. "The Recognition of the Micro-Events in Cement Composites and the Identification of the Destruction Process Using Acoustic Emission and Sound Spectrum." Materials 13, no. 13: 2988.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2020 in Materials
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This paper presents the results of investigations into the effect of the use of recycled waste paper cellulose fibers on the properties of fiber cement boards subjected to contamination by moisture. Four series of fiber cement boards were tested. A reference fiber cement board manufactured without the use of recycled cellulose fibers constituted as one of the series. The other three series consisted of boards differing in their recycled cellulose fiber content-ranging from 10% to 50% of the total cellulose fiber content. Specimens of the fiber cement boards were subjected to contamination by moisture by storing them in water for 1–96 h. Subsequently, their basic physical and mechanical parameters, i.e., mass moisture content, absorbability, and modulus of rupture (MOR), were tested. Then, the specimens were investigated by means of acoustic emission during three-point bending. Artificial neural networks were employed to analyze the acoustic emission test results. The tests clearly showed the amount of recycled waste paper cellulose fibers and the length of storage in water to have an adverse effect on the boards, contributing to their degradation. This was reflected in the decrease of the acoustic emission (AE) events count recognized by the artificial neural networks, accompanying the rupture of fibers during the three-point bending of the specimens. In order to gain a more detailed insight into the changes taking place in the structure of the tested fiber cement boards, optical examinations were carried out by means of a scanning electron microscope. Interesting findings crucial for building practice were noted.

ACS Style

Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Mateusz Szymków. Tests of Fiber Cement Materials Containing Recycled Cellulose Fibers. Materials 2020, 13, 2758 .

AMA Style

Tomasz Gorzelańczyk, Krzysztof Schabowicz, Mateusz Szymków. Tests of Fiber Cement Materials Containing Recycled Cellulose Fibers. Materials. 2020; 13 (12):2758.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Mateusz Szymków. 2020. "Tests of Fiber Cement Materials Containing Recycled Cellulose Fibers." Materials 13, no. 12: 2758.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2020 in Materials
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Concrete structure joints are filled in mainly in the course of sealing works ensuring protection against the influence of water. This paper presents the methodology of testing the mechanical properties of ESD pseudoplastic resins (E-elastic deformation, S-strengthening control, D-deflection control) recommended for concrete structure joint fillers. The existing standards and papers concerning quasi-brittle cement composites do not provide an adequate point of reference for the tested resins. The lack of a standardised testing method hampers the development of materials universally used in expansion joint fillers in reinforced concrete structures as well as the assessment of their properties and durability. An assessment of the obtained results by reference to the reference sample has been suggested in the article. A test stand and a method of assessing the mechanical properties results (including adhesion to concrete surface) of pseudoplastic resins in the axial tensile test have been presented.

ACS Style

Dominik Logoń; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Krzysztof Wróblewski. Assessment of the Mechanical Properties of ESD Pseudoplastic Resins for Joints in Working Elements of Concrete Structures. Materials 2020, 13, 2426 .

AMA Style

Dominik Logoń, Krzysztof Schabowicz, Krzysztof Wróblewski. Assessment of the Mechanical Properties of ESD Pseudoplastic Resins for Joints in Working Elements of Concrete Structures. Materials. 2020; 13 (11):2426.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dominik Logoń; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Krzysztof Wróblewski. 2020. "Assessment of the Mechanical Properties of ESD Pseudoplastic Resins for Joints in Working Elements of Concrete Structures." Materials 13, no. 11: 2426.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2020 in Materials
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plasterboards’ humidity absorption on their performance. Specimens’ hydration procedure consisted of consecutive immersing in water and subsequent drying at room temperature. Such a procedure was performed to increase the content of moisture within the material volume. The microstructural observations of five different plasterboard types were performed through optical and scanning electron microscopy. The deterioration of their properties was evaluated by using a three-point bending test and a subsequent ultrasonic (ultrasound testing (UT)) longitudinal wave velocity measurement. Depending on the material porosity, a loss of UT wave velocity from 6% to 35% and a considerable decrease in material strength from 70% to 80% were observed. Four types of approximated formulae were proposed to describe the dependence of UT wave velocity on board moisture content. It was found that the proposed UT method could be successfully used for the on-site monitoring of plasterboards’ hydration processes.

ACS Style

Zbigniew Ranachowski; Przemysław Ranachowski; Tomasz Dębowski; Adam Brodecki; Mateusz Kopec; Maciej Roskosz; Krzysztof Fryczowski; Mateusz Szymków; Ewa Krawczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz. Mechanical and Non-Destructive Testing of Plasterboards Subjected to a Hydration Process. Materials 2020, 13, 2405 .

AMA Style

Zbigniew Ranachowski, Przemysław Ranachowski, Tomasz Dębowski, Adam Brodecki, Mateusz Kopec, Maciej Roskosz, Krzysztof Fryczowski, Mateusz Szymków, Ewa Krawczyk, Krzysztof Schabowicz. Mechanical and Non-Destructive Testing of Plasterboards Subjected to a Hydration Process. Materials. 2020; 13 (10):2405.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Ranachowski; Przemysław Ranachowski; Tomasz Dębowski; Adam Brodecki; Mateusz Kopec; Maciej Roskosz; Krzysztof Fryczowski; Mateusz Szymków; Ewa Krawczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2020. "Mechanical and Non-Destructive Testing of Plasterboards Subjected to a Hydration Process." Materials 13, no. 10: 2405.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2020 in Materials
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Ventilated facades are becoming an increasingly popular solution for external part of walls in the buildings. They may differ in many elements, among others things: claddings (fiber cement boards, HPL plates, large-slab ceramic tiles, ACM panels, stone cladding), types of substructures, console supports, etc. The main part that characterizes ventilated facades is the use of an air cavity between the cladding and thermal insulation. Unfortunately, in some aspects they are not yet well-standardized and tested. Above all, the requirements for the falling-off of elements from ventilated facades during a fire are not precisely defined by, among other things, the lack of clearly specified requirements and testing. This is undoubtedly a major problem, as it significantly affects the safety of evacuation during a fire emergency. For the purposes of this article, experimental tests were carried out on a large-scale facade model, with two types of external-facade cladding. The materials used as external cladding were fiber cement boards and large-slab ceramic tiles. The model of large-scale test was 3.95 m × 3.95 m, the burning gas released from the burner was used as the source of fire. The test lasted one hour. The facade model was equipped with thermocouples. The cladding materials showed different behavior during the test. Large-slab ceramic tiles seemed to be a safer form of external cladding for ventilated facades. Unfortunately, they were destroyed much faster, for about 6 min. Large-slab ceramic tiles were destroyed within the first dozen or so minutes, then their destruction did not proceed or was minimal. In the case of fiber cement boards, the destruction started from the eleventh minute and increased until the end of the test. The authors referred the results of large-scale test to testing on samples carried out by other authors. The results presented the convergence of large-scale test with samples. External claddings was equipped with additional mechanical protection. The use of additional mechanical protection to maintain external cladding elements increases their safety but does not completely eliminate the problem of the falling-off of parts of the facade. As research on fiber cement boards and large-slab ceramic tiles presented, these claddings were a major hazard due to fall-off from facade.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Paweł Sulik; Łukasz Zawiślak. Identification of the Destruction Model of Ventilated Facade under the Influence of Fire. Materials 2020, 13, 2387 .

AMA Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz, Paweł Sulik, Łukasz Zawiślak. Identification of the Destruction Model of Ventilated Facade under the Influence of Fire. Materials. 2020; 13 (10):2387.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Paweł Sulik; Łukasz Zawiślak. 2020. "Identification of the Destruction Model of Ventilated Facade under the Influence of Fire." Materials 13, no. 10: 2387.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2020 in Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica
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Increasingly high demands on environmental protection are intensifying the development of sustainable construction. Ventilated facades can provide an energy-efficient alternative to standard facades, that is, external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS). The article compares standard facades, which was a reference, to ventilated facades in two variants: closed joints and open joints. The comparison was made by means of numerical simulations of computational fluid dynamic (CFD), under conditions of high outside temperature and high sunshine. The results showed great benefits of using ventilated facades in such external climate conditions. It was also observed that the selection of the variant of ventilated facade in the system of close or open joints has minimal influence on thermal efficiency of the whole partition.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Łukasz Zawiślak. Numerical Comparison of Thermal Behaviour Between Ventilated Facades. Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 2020, 42, 297 -305.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz, Łukasz Zawiślak. Numerical Comparison of Thermal Behaviour Between Ventilated Facades. Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica. 2020; 42 (4):297-305.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Łukasz Zawiślak. 2020. "Numerical Comparison of Thermal Behaviour Between Ventilated Facades." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 42, no. 4: 297-305.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2020 in Materials
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Measurements are carried out of the Barkhausen noise (BN) and hardness on specimens where changes in hardness were obtained due to strain hardening (S235 and DC01 steels) and due to thermochemical treatment (AMS 6414 steel). A method is presented of processing the recorded BN signal to extract diagnostic information. The BN number of events is selected as the signal characteristic property to develop relevant correlations. A new methodology is presented for the development of correlations between the Barkhausen noise number of events and hardness. A possibility is indicated of developing correlations with a high R2 determination coefficient. The method limitations are specified.

ACS Style

Maciej Roskosz; Krzysztof Fryczowski; Krzysztof Schabowicz. Evaluation of Ferromagnetic Steel Hardness Based on an Analysis of the Barkhausen Noise Number of Events. Materials 2020, 13, 2059 .

AMA Style

Maciej Roskosz, Krzysztof Fryczowski, Krzysztof Schabowicz. Evaluation of Ferromagnetic Steel Hardness Based on an Analysis of the Barkhausen Noise Number of Events. Materials. 2020; 13 (9):2059.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maciej Roskosz; Krzysztof Fryczowski; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2020. "Evaluation of Ferromagnetic Steel Hardness Based on an Analysis of the Barkhausen Noise Number of Events." Materials 13, no. 9: 2059.

Journal article
Published: 27 March 2020 in Materials
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Non-destructive testing of concrete for defects detection, using acoustic techniques, is currently performed mainly by human inspection of recorded images. The images consist of the inside of the examined elements obtained from testing devices such as the ultrasonic tomograph. However, such an automatic inspection is time-consuming, expensive, and prone to errors. To address some of these problems, this paper aims to evaluate a convolutional neural network (CNN) toward an automated detection of flaws in concrete elements using ultrasonic tomography. There are two main stages in the proposed methodology. In the first stage, an image of the inside of the examined structure is obtained and recorded by performing ultrasonic tomography-based testing. In the second stage, a convolutional neural network model is used for automatic detection of defects and flaws in the recorded image. In this work, a large and pre-trained CNN is used. It was fine-tuned on a small set of images collected during laboratory tests. Lastly, the prepared model was applied for detecting flaws. The obtained model has proven to be able to accurately detect defects in examined concrete elements. The presented approach for automatic detection of flaws is being developed with the potential to not only detect defects of one type but also to classify various types of defects in concrete elements.

ACS Style

Marek Słoński; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Ewa Krawczyk. Detection of Flaws in Concrete Using Ultrasonic Tomography and Convolutional Neural Networks. Materials 2020, 13, 1557 .

AMA Style

Marek Słoński, Krzysztof Schabowicz, Ewa Krawczyk. Detection of Flaws in Concrete Using Ultrasonic Tomography and Convolutional Neural Networks. Materials. 2020; 13 (7):1557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marek Słoński; Krzysztof Schabowicz; Ewa Krawczyk. 2020. "Detection of Flaws in Concrete Using Ultrasonic Tomography and Convolutional Neural Networks." Materials 13, no. 7: 1557.

Editorial
Published: 03 October 2019 in Materials
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This issue was proposed and organized as a means to present recent developments in the field of non-destructive testing of materials in civil engineering. For this reason, the articles highlighted in this editorial relate to different aspects of non-destructive testing of different materials in civil engineering, from building materials to building structures. The current trend in the development of non-destructive testing of materials in civil engineering is mainly concerned with the detection of flaws and defects in concrete elements and structures, and acoustic methods predominate in this field. As in medicine, the trend is towards designing test equipment that allows one to obtain a picture of the inside of the tested element and materials. Interesting results with significance for building practices were obtained.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz. Non-Destructive Testing of Materials in Civil Engineering. Materials 2019, 12, 3237 .

AMA Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz. Non-Destructive Testing of Materials in Civil Engineering. Materials. 2019; 12 (19):3237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2019. "Non-Destructive Testing of Materials in Civil Engineering." Materials 12, no. 19: 3237.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Archives of Civil Engineering
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The approach to numerical analyses was changed by the introduction of Eurocodes. The EN 1993-1-6 standard allows taking into account imperfections on the shape of a buckling form from a linear elastic bifurcation analysis. The article analyses the first ten forms of imperfection from a linear elastic bifurcation analysis on the reduction of the capacity of a cylindrical shell. Calculations were made using finite element methods.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Łukasz Zawiślak. Effect of Geometric Imperfections in the Shape of Buckling Form on the Reduction of Load Capacity of Cylindrical Shell. Archives of Civil Engineering 2019, 65, 153 -166.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz, Łukasz Zawiślak. Effect of Geometric Imperfections in the Shape of Buckling Form on the Reduction of Load Capacity of Cylindrical Shell. Archives of Civil Engineering. 2019; 65 (3):153-166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Łukasz Zawiślak. 2019. "Effect of Geometric Imperfections in the Shape of Buckling Form on the Reduction of Load Capacity of Cylindrical Shell." Archives of Civil Engineering 65, no. 3: 153-166.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2019 in Materials
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The methodology of multi-scale structural assessment of the different cellulose fibre cement boards subjected to high temperature treatment was proposed. Two specimens were investigated: Board A (air-dry reference specimen) and Board B (exposed to a temperature of 230 °C for 3 h). At macroscale all considered samples were subjected to the three-point bending test. Next, two methodologically different microscopic techniques were used to identify evolution (caused by temperature treatment) of geometrical and mechanical morphology of boards. For that purpose, SEM imaging with EDS analysis and nanoindentation tests were utilized. High temperature was found to have a degrading effect on the fibres contained in the boards. Most of the fibres in the board were burnt-out, or melted into the matrix, leaving cavities and grooves which were visible in all of the tested boards. Nanoindentation tests revealed significant changes of mechanical properties caused by high temperature treatment: "global" decrease of the stiffness (characterized by nanoindentation modulus) and "local" decrease of hardness. The results observed at microscale are in a very good agreement with macroscale behaviour of considered composite. It was shown that it is not sufficient to determine the degree of degradation of fibre-cement boards solely on the basis of bending strength; advanced, microscale laboratory techniques can reveal intrinsic structural changes.

ACS Style

Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Michał Pachnicz; Adrian Różański; Krzysztof Schabowicz. Multi-Scale Structural Assessment of Cellulose Fibres Cement Boards Subjected to High Temperature Treatment. Materials 2019, 12, 2449 .

AMA Style

Tomasz Gorzelańczyk, Michał Pachnicz, Adrian Różański, Krzysztof Schabowicz. Multi-Scale Structural Assessment of Cellulose Fibres Cement Boards Subjected to High Temperature Treatment. Materials. 2019; 12 (15):2449.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Michał Pachnicz; Adrian Różański; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2019. "Multi-Scale Structural Assessment of Cellulose Fibres Cement Boards Subjected to High Temperature Treatment." Materials 12, no. 15: 2449.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2019 in Materials
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This paper presents the results of investigations into the effect of freeze-thaw cycling on the failure of fibre-cement boards and on the changes taking place in their structure. Fibre-cement board specimens were subjected to one and ten freeze-thaw cycles and then investigated under three-point bending by means of the acoustic emission method. An artificial neural network was employed to analyse the results yielded by the acoustic emission method. The investigations conclusively proved that freeze-thaw cycling had an effect on the failure of fibre-cement boards, as indicated mainly by the fall in the number of acoustic emission (AE) events recognized as accompanying the breaking of fibres during the three-point bending of the specimens. SEM examinations were carried out to gain better insight into the changes taking place in the structure of the tested boards. Interesting results with significance for building practice were obtained.

ACS Style

Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz. Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycling on the Failure of Fibre-Cement Boards, Assessed Using Acoustic Emission Method and Artificial Neural Network. Materials 2019, 12, 2181 .

AMA Style

Tomasz Gorzelańczyk, Krzysztof Schabowicz. Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycling on the Failure of Fibre-Cement Boards, Assessed Using Acoustic Emission Method and Artificial Neural Network. Materials. 2019; 12 (13):2181.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2019. "Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycling on the Failure of Fibre-Cement Boards, Assessed Using Acoustic Emission Method and Artificial Neural Network." Materials 12, no. 13: 2181.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2019 in Automation in Construction
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ACS Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Mateusz Szymków. Identification of the degree of fibre-cement boards degradation under the influence of high temperature. Automation in Construction 2019, 101, 190 -198.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz, Tomasz Gorzelańczyk, Mateusz Szymków. Identification of the degree of fibre-cement boards degradation under the influence of high temperature. Automation in Construction. 2019; 101 ():190-198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Mateusz Szymków. 2019. "Identification of the degree of fibre-cement boards degradation under the influence of high temperature." Automation in Construction 101, no. : 190-198.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2019 in Materials
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of fiber cement board (FCB), which was exposed to environmental hazards, resulting in thermal impact on the microstructure of the board. The process of structural degradation was conducted under laboratory conditions by storing the FCB specimens in a dry, electric oven for 3 h at a temperature of 230 °C. Five sets of specimens, that differed in cement and fiber content, were tested. Due to the applied heating procedure, the process of carbonization and resulting embrittlement of the fibers was observed. The fiber reinforcement morphology and the mechanical properties of the investigated compositions were identified both before, and after, their carbonization. Visual light and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray micro tomography, flexural strength, and work of flexural test Wf measurements were used. A dedicated instrumentation set was prepared to determine the ultrasound testing (UT) longitudinal wave velocity cL in all tested sets of specimens. The UT wave velocity cL loss was observed in all cases of thermal treatment; however, that loss varied from 2% to 20%, depending on the FCB composition. The results obtained suggest a possible application of the UT method for an on-site assessment of the degradation processes occurring in fiber cement boards.

ACS Style

Zbigniew Ranachowski; Przemysław Ranachowski; Tomasz Dębowski; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz. Investigation of Structural Degradation of Fiber Cement Boards Due to Thermal Impact. Materials 2019, 12, 944 .

AMA Style

Zbigniew Ranachowski, Przemysław Ranachowski, Tomasz Dębowski, Tomasz Gorzelańczyk, Krzysztof Schabowicz. Investigation of Structural Degradation of Fiber Cement Boards Due to Thermal Impact. Materials. 2019; 12 (6):944.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zbigniew Ranachowski; Przemysław Ranachowski; Tomasz Dębowski; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Krzysztof Schabowicz. 2019. "Investigation of Structural Degradation of Fiber Cement Boards Due to Thermal Impact." Materials 12, no. 6: 944.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2019 in Materials
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This paper presents the results of research aimed at identifying the degree of degradation of fibre-cement boards exposed to fire. The fibre-cement board samples were initially exposed to fire at various durations in the range of 1–15 min. The samples were then subjected to three-point bending and were investigated using the acoustic emission method. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were employed to analyse the results yielded by the acoustic emission method. Fire was found to have a degrading effect on the fibres contained in the boards. As the length of exposure to fire increased, the fibres underwent gradual degradation, which was reflected in a decrease in the number of acoustic emission (AE) events recognised by the artificial neural networks as accompanying the breaking of the fibres during the three-point bending of the sample. It was shown that it is not sufficient to determine the degree of degradation of fibre-cement boards solely on the basis of bending strength (MOR).

ACS Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Mateusz Szymków. Identification of the Degree of Degradation of Fibre-Cement Boards Exposed to Fire by Means of the Acoustic Emission Method and Artificial Neural Networks. Materials 2019, 12, 656 .

AMA Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz, Tomasz Gorzelańczyk, Mateusz Szymków. Identification of the Degree of Degradation of Fibre-Cement Boards Exposed to Fire by Means of the Acoustic Emission Method and Artificial Neural Networks. Materials. 2019; 12 (4):656.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Mateusz Szymków. 2019. "Identification of the Degree of Degradation of Fibre-Cement Boards Exposed to Fire by Means of the Acoustic Emission Method and Artificial Neural Networks." Materials 12, no. 4: 656.

Journal article
Published: 10 November 2018 in Welding Technology Review
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The article presents the NDT results of research on the influence of high temperature on the destruction of the structure of fiber-cement board as a result of the failure of a tunnel furnace. Two fiber cement boards were tested. There was a plate in a tunnel furnace during a failure, and reference plate dried in normal conditions. The research used acoustic emission method in combination with artificial neural networks.Interesting research results were obtained, which allowed to observe visible changesin the structure of the tested panels under the influence of high temperature. An important application from the point of view of building practice was formulated.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Mateusz Szymków. Non-destructive tests of fibre-cement materials structure with the use of scanning electron microscope. Welding Technology Review 2018, 90, 1 .

AMA Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz, Tomasz Gorzelańczyk, Mateusz Szymków. Non-destructive tests of fibre-cement materials structure with the use of scanning electron microscope. Welding Technology Review. 2018; 90 (11):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Schabowicz; Tomasz Gorzelańczyk; Mateusz Szymków. 2018. "Non-destructive tests of fibre-cement materials structure with the use of scanning electron microscope." Welding Technology Review 90, no. 11: 1.