Humans recall the past by replaying fragments of events temporally. Here, we demonstrate a similar effect in macaques. We trained six rhesus monkeys with a temporal-order judgement (TOJ) task and collected 5000 TOJ trials. In each trial, the monkeys watched a naturalistic video of about 10 s comprising two across-context clips, and after a 2 s delay, performed TOJ between two frames from the video. The data are suggestive of a non-linear, time-compressed forward memory replay mechanism in the macaque. In contrast with humans, such compression of replay is, however, not sophisticated enough to allow these monkeys to skip over irrelevant information by compressing the encoded video globally. We also reveal that the monkeys detect event contextual boundaries, and that such detection facilitates recall by increasing the rate of information accumulation. Demonstration of a time-compressed, forward replay-like pattern in the macaque provides insights into the evolution of episodic memory in our lineage.

The dorsomedial posterior parietal cortex (dmPPC) is part of a higher-cognition network implicated in elaborate processes underpinning memory formation, recollection, episode reconstruction, and temporal information processing. Neural coding for complex episodic processing is however under-documented. Here, we recorded extracellular neural activities from three male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and revealed a set of neural codes of “neuroethogram” in the primate parietal cortex. Analyzing neural responses in macaque dmPPC to naturalistic videos, we discovered several groups of neurons that are sensitive to different categories of ethogram items, low-level sensory features, and saccadic eye movement. We also discovered that the processing of category and feature information by these neurons is sustained by the accumulation of temporal information over a long timescale of up to 30 s, corroborating its reported long temporal receptive windows. We performed an additional behavioral experiment with additional two male rhesus macaques and found that saccade-related activities could not account for the mixed neuronal responses elicited by the video stimuli. We further observed monkeys’ scan paths and gaze consistency are modulated by video content. Taken altogether, these neural findings explain how dmPPC weaves fabrics of ongoing experiences together in real time. The high dimensionality of neural representations should motivate us to shift the focus of attention from pure selectivity neurons to mixed selectivity neurons, especially in increasingly complex naturalistic task designs.

SUMMARY The dorsomedial posterior parietal cortex is part of a higher-cognition network implicated in elaborate processes underpinning memory formation, recollection, episodes reconstruction, and temporal processing. Neural coding for complex episodic processing is however largely undocumented. Here we revealed a set of neural codes of “neuroethogram” in the primate parietal cortex. Analyzing neural responses in macaque dmPPC to naturalistic videos, we discovered several groups of neurons that are sensitive to categories of ethogram-items and to low-level sensory features. The amount of information coded within these multiplex representations in turn increases our trained classifier decodability for different video-types. We further discovered that the processing of category and feature information by these neurons is sustained by accumulation of temporal information over a long timescale, corroborating its role at the apex of the cortical hierarchy of temporal receptive windows. Taken altogether, these neural findings explain how dorsomedial PPC weaves fabrics of ongoing experiences together in real-time and realize a multiplex representation of an organism’s past. The high dimensionality of neural representations should motivate us to shift the focus of attention from pure selectivity neurons to mixed selectivity neurons, especially in increasingly complex naturalistic task designs. HIGHLIGHTS Neural codes for “neuroethogram” in macaque dorsomedial parietal cortex Parietal neural codes exhibit mixed selectivity of event features Dorsomedial PPC neurons support a long temporal receptive window for episodes

As the global population continues to age, home-based care has gained increasing popularity as a way to address the growing need for long-term care among older adults. At the same time, healthcare and social care providers working in home care settings are experiencing a rise in ethical conflicts. This qualitative meta-synthesis aims to explore the ethical conflicts experienced by healthcare and social care providers in home-based care, offering insights and guidance for resolving moral dilemmas in this setting. Qualitative systematic review utilizing meta-ethnography. A systematic search was conducted across four databases (Web of Science, Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL) from their inception through April 2025. Two reviewers independently screened articles against the eligibility criteria, appraised them using the JBI critical appraisal tools, and extracted qualitative data in duplicate. 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using thematic synthesis. The sixteen included studies were synthesized into three main themes and seven subthemes. The three main themes were Paternalism versus Respect for Autonomy, Blurred Boundaries, and Shortcomings of the Health System. Our findings reveal that healthcare and social care providers experience diverse forms of moral conflict during home care; these experiences jeopardize their physical and mental well-being and urgently call for targeted support and intervention.