Social capital is one of the conditions that must be met in the development process. Weak social capital will reduce the spirit of mutual cooperation, exacerbate poverty, increase unemployment and crime and can hinder any efforts to improve social welfare. This research uses a combination method or better known as a mixed method, which is a combination of qualitative research and quantitative research. The results of the study illustrate that in the hallway garden community, the potential for social capital is relatively high as seen through the elements of social capital, trust, institutions and networks. This can be seen in the daily life of the community, such as mutual trust in the harmonious neighbors, kinship, helping nature, mutual help, social solidarity, being cooperative, and all of these appear in the collective behavior of the community in the form of urban farming activities.

The fertilizer subsidy policy is a government program with the aim of supporting the agricultural sector by providing input subsidies through setting the highest retail price (HET) for fertilizer subsidies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the fertilizer subsidy policy on rice farmers in Wajo Regency using four indicators of the effectiveness based on the fertilizer subsidy policy indicators and criteria, namely the right price, the right place, the right time, and the right amount. This study uses a survey method with a qualitative and descriptive approach. In this study, the determination of the sample used the cluster sampling with the Two-Stage Cluster Sampling in which the sampling was carried out in two stages. The data analysis method used to describe the procedure for implementing the fertilizer subsidy policy is descriptive analysis, while the data analysis method used to analyze the effectiveness of the fertilizer subsidy policy is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of this study are the level of effectiveness of the fertilizer subsidy policy based on four indicators of overall success with an average indicator of 46.46 percent; so that it can be categorized as not effective.

Cooperatives are one of the supporting sectors for the economy based on a people's economy. Therefore, cooperatives can function well, if there is the institutional strengthening of cooperatives in them, especially regarding seaweed cooperative institutions. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential and strategies for strengthening seaweed business institutions through cooperatives. The method was using qualitative approach method using SWOT analysis. The results of this study indicate that the potential for strengthening the economic institutions of seaweed farmers through cooperatives is quite large through the main strategies: Increasing the quantity & quality of production through increasing the area of seaweed cultivation; Developing partnership; Capital accumulation through the addition of cooperative members; implementing innovation; and implementing priority scale.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the proportion of food consumption expenditure to clove farmer household expenditures, as well as the energy and protein consumption and food security conditions of clove farmer households in Indonesia.   Theoretical Framework: Hunger eradication and food security remain critical development challenges, particularly in developing nations such as Indonesia. Poorer households spend a large proportion of their income on basic needs, including food. However, as their income increases, they divert more of their income towards buying higher quality goods and services, thereby reducing the proportion that goes into food.   Method: This research was conducted on 30 clove farming communities using a purposive sampling technique. In in-depth interviews, all informants responded to the researcher's questions using precise, in-depth, and easy-to-understand phrases. Data analysis was carried out by reducing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions and verification.   Result and Conclusion: The results showed that the average proportion of non-food expenditure to total household expenditure of clove farmers in the study locations was 54.45%, while the proportion of food consumption expenditure to total expenditure was 45.55%. This suggests that non-food consumption spending accounts for a significant portion of farmer household expenditure. Meanwhile, the average energy and protein consumption of rice farming households was 1995.81 kcal/person/day and 88.65 grams/person/day, respectively.   Implication Of Research: These findings imply that clove farmers have a sufficient amount of energy and protein. It may be stated that clove farmers in the research area have very excellent food security, with no food insecure households.

Farmers' attitudes and perceptions may be the cause of ineffective implementation of conservation farming for agriculture sustainability due to vary of implementing of conservation techniques. The purpose of this research is to know the attitude and perception of farmer toward the application of conservation technique and to know correlation between farmer attitude and perception toward the application of conservation technique. The research was carried out in Kanreapia Village, Tombolo Pao District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Sampling was done by randomly with 30 farmers; using non-parametric statistics with quantitative and qualitative descriptive data analysis approach, using Likert scale. The result showed that farmer attitude and perception toward conservation technique implementation which having the highest category (appropriate) is seasonal crop rotation, while the lowest with less appropriate category is the processing of land according to the contour and the cultivation of the plants accordingly. There is a very strong relationship between farmer attitude and perception. The implications of the findings are that improvements the implementation of conservation farming techniques should be made through improved perceptions.

Seaweed is one of the country's foreign exchange sources and a source of income for coastal communities. Besides being able to be used as an ingredient food, drink and medicine. This study aims to analyze the income and feasibility of seaweed farming in coastal communities in Bulukumba Regency. The research was conducted from May to July 2022 in Bulukumba Regency. The basic method in this research is descriptive analytical with the implementation using survey techniques. Determination of the sample used by using a total sampling of 80 respondents spread over four sub-districts. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Analysis of the data used is the income analysis and R/C ratio. The results of the income analysis show that the average farm income is Rp. 57.971.540/farmer/cycle. The results of the feasibility analysis of seaweed farming in Bulukumba Regency can be said to be feasible because the R/C ratio is more than one (RC > 1), which means that seaweed farming activities are feasible to be developed because they are economically profitable. Marketing chain of seaweed in Bulukumba District consisted of two chains, namely: Seaweed Farmer-Trader-Merchant-KIMA Makassar and Seaweed Farmer-Trader-KIMA Makassar.