A convenient transition metal-free procedure for the direct thiolation of 1,3,4-oxadiazole C–H bonds using diaryl disulfides has been developed. Other substrates including indole, benzothiazole, N-phenylbenzimidazole, and caffeine were also thiolated in this manner, providing the corresponding products in good to excellent yields.

With the increasing severity of global water pollution, traditional wastewater treatment methods have gradually revealed limitations in dealing with complex and refractory pollutants. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their ability to generate highly reactive radicals (such as hydroxyl and sulfate radicals) that can effectively degrade a wide range of pollutants. This review provides a detailed overview of various AOP technologies, including Fenton processes, ozone-based AOPs, persulfate-based AOPs, photocatalytic AOPs, electrochemical AOPs, and sonochemical AOPs, focusing on their fundamental principles, reaction mechanisms, catalyst design, and application performance in treating different types of wastewater. The research results show that the improved Fenton process can achieve a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of up to 85% when treating pharmaceutical wastewater. Photocatalytic AOP technology demonstrates higher degradation efficiency when treating industrial wastewater containing refractory pollutants. In addition to effectively degrading refractory pollutants and reducing dependence on traditional biological treatment methods, these advanced oxidation processes can also significantly reduce secondary pollution generated during the treatment process. Moreover, by optimizing AOP technologies, the deep mineralization of harmful substances in wastewater can be achieved, reducing the potential pollution risks to groundwater and soil while also lowering energy consumption during the treatment process. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges faced by AOPs in practical applications, such as high energy consumption, insufficient catalyst stability, and secondary pollution. This review summarizes the research progress and application trends of catalytically driven AOPs in the field of wastewater treatment over the past five years. It aims to provide a comprehensive reference for researchers and engineering professionals on the application of AOPs in wastewater treatment, promoting the further development and practical implementation of these technologies.