International audienceThe Trepča Pb-Zn-Ag skarn deposit (29 Mt of ore at 3.45% Pb, 2.30% Zn, and 80 g/t Ag) is located in the Kopaonik block of the western Vardar zone, Kosovo. The mineralization, hosted by recrystallized limestone of Upper Triassic age, was structurally and lithologically controlled. Ore deposition is spatially and temporally related with the postcollisional magmatism of Oligocene age (23-26 Ma). The deposit was formed during two distinct mineralization stages: an early prograde closed-system and a later retrograde open-system stage. The prograde mineralization consisting mainly of pyroxenes (Hd54-100Jo0-45Di0-45) resulted from the interaction of magmatic fluids associated with Oligocene (23-26 Ma) postcollisional magmatism. Whereas there is no direct contact between magmatic rocks and the mineralization, the deposit is classified as a distal Pb-Zn-Ag skarn. Abundant pyroxene reflects low oxygen fugacity (<10−31 bar) and anhydrous environment. Fluid inclusion data and mineral assemblage limit the prograde stage within a temperature range between 390° and 475°C. Formation pressure is estimated below 900 bars. Isotopic composition of aqueous fluid inclusions hosted by hedenbergite (δD = −108 to −130‰; δ18O = 7.5-8.0‰), Mn-enriched mineralogy and high REE content of the host carbonates at the contact with the skarn mineralization suggest that a magmatic fluid was modified during its infiltration through the country rocks. The retrograde mineral assemblage comprises ilvaite, magnetite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, pyrite, quartz, and various carbonates. Increases in oxygen and sulfur fugacities, as well as a hydrous character of mineralization, require an open-system model. The opening of the system is related to phreatomagmatic explosion and formation of the breccia. Arsenopyrite geothermometer limits the retrograde stage within the temperature range between 350° and 380°C and sulfur fugacity between 10−8.8 and 10−7.2 bars. The principal ore minerals, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and minor chalcopyrite, were deposited from a moderately saline Ca-Na chloride fluid at around 350°C. According to the isotopic composition of fluid inclusions hosted by sphalerite (δD = −55 to −74‰; δ18O = −9.6 to −13.6‰), the fluid responsible for ore deposition was dominantly meteoric in origin. The δ34S values of the sulfides spanning between −5.5 and +10‰ point to a magmatic origin of sulfur. Ore deposition appears to have been largely contemporaneous with the retrograde stage of the skarn development. Postore stage accompanied the precipitation of significant amount of carbonates including the travertine deposits at the deposit surface. Mineralogical composition of travertine varies from calcite to siderite and all carbonates contain significant amounts of Mn. Decreased formation temperature and depletion in the REE content point to an influence of pH-neutralized cold ground water and dying magmatic system

Beryl and euclase crystals from the Mina do Santino and the Jacú pegmatites in the Borborema Pegmatite Province in northeastern Brazil contain several generations of melt and fluid inclusions, which allow interpretation of P-T-X conditions responsible for beryl crystallization and for alteration of a primary pegmatitic mineral assemblage to a mixture of hydrothermal minerals (euclase, bertrandite, kaolinite, and quartz). Primary melt and fluid inclusions hosted by beryl were trapped simultaneously. However, their homogenization temperatures are significantly higher (870–900 °C) than the values previously reported for pegmatitic systems (<712 °C) and should be treated with caution. An isobaric drop of temperature resulted in the exsolution of a fluid. A low-salinity CO₂-enriched phase and a saline water-rich phase were trapped in pseudosecondary inclusions in beryl at a pressure of 2.1–2.7 kbar and temperature of 390–480 °C. Cooling of the country rocks below 400 °C caused a ductile-to-brittle transition and allowed infiltration of cold groundwater, which further decreased the temperature in the system to 190–240 °C. At the same time, the pressure dropped from a lithostatic (2.1–2.7 kbar) to a hydrostatic value (0.57–0.73 kbar). Consequently, minerals deposited under magmatic conditions (feldspars and beryl) became unstable and a newly formed hydrothermal mineral paragenesis (euclase, bertrandite, kaolinite, and quartz) overprinted the earlier one. The hydrothermal fluids responsible for the alteration differ from the earlier-exsolved fluids in having a lower salinity, lower homogenization temperature, the absence of CO₂, and the presence of CH₄.