In this study, taking NdCl₃ and 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H₂ATA) as raw materials, a novel lanthanide metal–organic framework, Nd(ATA), was synthesized by the coprecipitation method. After loading antibiotic levofloxacin (LEV), Nd(ATA) was combined with GelMA hydrogel to prepare a drug-loaded composite hydrogel, LEV@Nd(ATA)-Gel, which can emit near-infrared fluorescence under excitation at 808 nm and possesses improved mechanical properties compared to pure GelMA hydrogel. LEV@Nd(ATA)-Gel exhibited high bactericidal activity and low cytotoxicity, with cell viability increased by 35% compared to the control group. The release rate of the loaded LEV was found increasing with the pH decreasing from 7 to 3, and demonstrated a potential responsiveness to wound microenvironment. Furthermore, drug delivery studies revealed a significant correlation with the fluorescence intensity of the composite hydrogel and the drug release behavior, and the extent of drug release was quantitatively captured by an in vitro imaging technology. This study successfully integrated the drug release with fluorescent signal of carrier, providing a highly sensitive and visualizable strategy for the development of internal wound adhesive.