In vitro propagation of pitcher plants is still limited only using seeds, while the other in vitro methods using leaf explants such as embryogenesis, organogenesis, and callus culture has not been widely reported. The research aims to study the growth response of leaf explants in two species of pitcher plants (Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes reinwardtiana), which formed callus in several treatment media combinations. Leaf pieces were taken from a 4-month pitcher plant culture were grown on the treatment media, namely modified media of Murashige & Skoog with a half concentration (½ MS) added 2.4-Dichlorophenoxoxyacetate (2.4-D) with a concentration of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg L^-1 and kinetin (0.5 mg L^-1). The treatment was then stored in a dark environment to induce callus formation. The observation for 12 weeks showed that the time of callus formation in two species of pitcher plant observed was not significantly different. Both species of pitcher plants begin to form callus in the fourth week after treatment. None of the leaf explants were planted on the control medium without hormones formed callus. The best medium for callus induction in N. gracilis is ½ MS medium added with 2 mg L^-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L^-1 kinetin, with callus morphology brownish-white with friable texture. In comparison, the optimum callus media from leaf explant of N. reinwardtiana has not been obtained yet. Thus further research is still needed. 

Anthocyanin-based visual reporters enable rapid, non-destructive identification of transgenic tissues, but their pigment output may not be physiologically neutral during organogenesis, raising concerns about their suitability as selection markers in transformation pipelines. To address this, we examined the regeneration performance of constitutive ROSEA1 expression across four eudicot species from three families: tomato, petunia, begonia, and marigold. Stable ROSEA1-overexpressing lines were evaluated in tomato and petunia, whereas transformation-stage assays were performed in begonia and marigold. Regeneration frequencies were quantified relative to controls, and transcript-level changes were assessed for anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and regeneration regulators; complementation assays with PLT5 co-expression and hormonal manipulations were also performed. In tomato and petunia, ROSEA1-overexpressing lines exhibited reduced regeneration frequencies and elevated anthocyanin accumulation, with two independent petunia lines showing that stronger pigment activation corresponded to more severe regeneration defects. In tomato, ROSEA1 coordinately upregulated CHI, F3H, F3′5′H, and DFR and was associated with reduced expression of PLT5, WUS, and LBD16 during early regeneration. PLT5 co-expression partially restored regeneration with modestly reduced pigmentation, indicating that pigment output alone does not fully explain the phenotype. The penalty extended to begonia and marigold, with genotype- and hormone-dependent severity in marigold. These findings indicate a context-dependent regeneration penalty associated with constitutive ROSEA1 expression and suggest that hormone optimization, genotype selection, and developmental support may help mitigate this limitation in some contexts.

Indonesia is one of mega biodiverse countries in the world, with a high global biodiversity index and many vascular plant species. However, not all plant species are known in terms of their uses, potential benefits, and conservation status. One of example is genus Etlingera, where further studies are required. Therefore, this study aimed to provide information on the potential benefits and uses of the genus Etlingera and to investigate its conservation status. The study was conducted using the method of literature study, an inventory of potential uses, and an inventory of the genus Etlingera living in Bogor Botanic Gardens through direct observation. Six species of the genus Etlingera were collected from the Bogor Botanic Gardens, namely Etlingera brevilabrum, E. elatior, E. hemisphaerica, E. loerzingii, E. megalocheilos, and E. walang, conservation status of three species (E. brevilabrum, E. hemisphaerica, and E. megalocheilos) is Least Concern (LC), two species (E. elatior and E. walang) are Data Deficient (DD), and one species (E. loerzingii) is Vulnerable (VU). All species are commonly used as spices, condiments, cosmetics, and traditional medicine to cure various diseases, possibly also as ornamental plants. The secondary metabolites present in some species, namely E. brevilabrum, E. elatior, and E. hemisphaerica can be used as antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant agents.