Sugarcane, a cash crop, is easily affected by low temperature, which results in a decrease in yield and sugar production. Breeding a new variety with cold tolerance is an essential strategy to reduce loss from cold stress. The identification of germplasms and genes/proteins with cold tolerance is a vital step in breeding sugarcane varieties with cold tolerance via a conventional program and molecular technology. In this study, the physiological and biochemical indices of 22 genotypes of S. spontaneum were measured, and the membership function analysis method was used to comprehensively evaluate the cold tolerance ability of these genotypes. The physiological and biochemical indices of these S. spontaneum genotypes showed a sophisticated response to low temperature. On the basis of the physiological and chemical indices, the genotypes were classified into different cold tolerance groups. Then, the high-tolerance genotype 1027 and the low-tolerance genotype 3217 were selected for DIA-based proteomic analysis by subjecting them to low temperature. From the four comparison groups, 1123, 1341, 751, and 1693 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified, respectively. The DAPs based on genotypes or treatments participated in distinct metabolic pathways. Through detailed analysis of the DAPs, some proteins related to protein homeostasis, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, signal transduction, and the cytoskeleton may be involved in sugarcane tolerance to cold stress. Furthermore, five important proteins related to cold tolerance were discovered for the first time in this study. This work not only provides the germplasms and candidate target proteins for breeding sugarcane varieties with cold tolerance via a conventional program and molecular breeding, but also helps to accelerate the determination of the molecular mechanism underlying cold tolerance in sugarcane.

In Guangxi, China, the area used to plant sugarcane is growing in order to meet the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan’s objective of sugar self-sufficiency (2021–2025). Comprehensive soil heavy metal data are necessary for growing area expansion in order to inform farmers and policymakers. Here, we analyzed soil samples from ten sugarcane-growing counties/districts of Guangxi by employing four different risk assessment indices. Our results indicate that the studied soils are moderately to strongly acidic and are deficient in soil organic matter ( 3) across all regions and Pb and As contamination ranging from moderate to severe, particularly in Jiangzhou district. Contrastingly, Cd and Hg showed no significant enrichment (Igeo < 0) relative to the local background, though their sources require further investigation. The potential ecological risk assessment showed a high risk, specifically from As in Jiangzhou district, which was the only area showing a moderate comprehensive potential ecological risk. A significant positive correlation was found between the total and bioavailable contents of all five heavy metals, whereas soil pH and organic matter were significantly negatively correlated with the bioavailability of Cr and Pb, but positively correlated with As and Hg. The availability of Cd, however, was independent of pH and OM, suggesting the influence of other, unmeasured geochemical factors. These results highlight specific and localized environmental risks that may require targeted management to ensure agricultural safety, ecosystem health, and sustainable sugarcane production.

Although thiamethoxam is frequently used in sugarcane production in Guangxi, China as a systemic insecticide and bioactivator, little is known about its field control effectiveness and residue dissipation across commercially significant genotypes grown in the region. In this study, we have addressed this gap by assessing the residue dynamics and borer control effectiveness of thiamethoxam in three significant sugarcane types (GT 40, Haizhe 22, and ROC22). Three application doses (Low: 750 mL/hm²; Medium: 1500 mL/hm²; High: 2250 mL/hm²) were sprayed as a soil drench along with urea for field and greenhouse studies. Over the course of 75 days, residues in juice and leaf tissues were measured using LC-MS/MS, and stem borer damage and control effectiveness were recorded. Thiamethoxam residues in juice peaked at 45 days after treatment (DAT), with ROC22 exhibiting the highest concentration (11.07 mg/kg). All treated plots continued to have thiamethoxam residues above the Chinese maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.3 mg/kg at 75 DAT, suggesting an inadequate pre-harvest interval. Leaf residues remained a long-term reservoir for more than 56 days and were an order of magnitude greater. While the low dose demonstrated increased efficacy over time, the medium and high doses produced statistically equal borer control (50–75% efficacy), exhibiting a saturation effect. There were notable varietal differences: Haizhe 22 achieved steady control with fewer residues, while ROC22 was most vulnerable and needed greater doses. These results demonstrate that a 75-day pre-harvest period is insufficient for consumer safety, requiring additional experiments for longer intervals for susceptible cultivars. The ideal economic threshold is determined to be the middle dose (1500 mL/hm²), which balances environmental load, chemical input, and efficacy. To enable precision application techniques suited to certain sugarcane genotypes, future research should concentrate on clarifying the genetic basis of varietal uptake discrepancies.