The low-carbon transition of industrial parks is driving an increasing demand for advanced energy systems. Integrated energy supply systems (IESSs), which couple multiple energy forms, offer a critical pathway to alleviate the high-carbon intensity of energy structures and supply–demand imbalances in industrial parks by enhancing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. The rapid advancement of energy storage technologies, multi-energy system modeling, and advanced energy management strategies has further propelled the research and application of IESSs. This review comprehensively delineates the distinctions between IESSs and traditional energy systems, highlighting the architecture and operational characteristics of IESSs to elucidate the impacts of multi-energy coupling and source–grid–load–storage interactions. We examine existing equipment and system modeling approaches and load modeling methods, and discuss modeling techniques for variable operating conditions. We analyze operational optimization methods for IESSs under deterministic, multi-time-scale, and uncertain conditions, and investigate the utilization mechanisms of flexibility resources across source–grid–load–storage links to illustrate how system flexibility supports dynamic supply–demand coordination. The review also identifies emerging trends in AI-driven IESS operation, highlighting the integration of physics-informed modeling, large language models, and multi-agent systems. This review establishes a unified analytical perspective for flexible supply–demand matching within IESSs, offering theoretical support for the development of future low-carbon industrial energy systems.

The distributed generation connected to the microgrid is a key way to balance power supply and demand and to reduce the loss of long distance transmission. The capacity selection of distributed generation in microgrid affects the reliability and economy of power supply. Appropriate capacity of distributed generation is an important part to the efficient and reliable system operation. Based on these points, some research are taken in this article. First, boundary constraints are carried out for the capacity selection of the distributed generation, which are determined by the rated working current of the branch, the upper transformer capacity and the load. Then, based on the consideration of reliability and economy of power supply, the selection optimization are further proposed. Finally, based on the dynamic simulation platform., the microgrid simulation model with multiple distributed generations is carried out to analyse the capacity selection.