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The work emphasizes the importance of measuring the tourist intensity of the economies that are oriented to tourism activity, with the aim of avoiding subjective arguments and being more related to perception than with the empirical contrast of the data. A tourist intensity index is proposed, which is made up of four essential variables: GDP, tourist spending, population, and the number of tourists. However, at the same time, it is complemented by a measure of tourist density, which helps to better understand the proposed index. This allows for the classification of countries according to the resulting index, and to calibrate their position in the set of tourist economies. This can be very useful for the application of economic policies aimed at correcting externalities that are generated in the advanced development of mass tourism.
Carles Manera; Elisabeth Valle. Tourist Intensity in the World, 1995–2015: Two Measurement Proposals. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4546 .
AMA StyleCarles Manera, Elisabeth Valle. Tourist Intensity in the World, 1995–2015: Two Measurement Proposals. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (12):4546.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarles Manera; Elisabeth Valle. 2018. "Tourist Intensity in the World, 1995–2015: Two Measurement Proposals." Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4546.
In this article we contribute to the analysis of innovation in the tourism industry and more specifically to understanding the role of innovation on the hotel occupancy. Furthermore, we discuss how the growth in hotel occupancy due to innovation increases, directly and indirectly, production, added value and employment in other sectors of the economy. In this way, we calculated the total impact on the Balearic economy of an innovation process in the Balearic hotel industry as well as the specific effects on different economic sectors. Positive and significant impact on potential growth was found with added value of between 1.6% and 2.2%. The micro–macro model presented in this work justifies implementing policies promoting innovation in the hotel industry.
María Tugores; Elisabeth Valle. Innovation, hotel occupancy, and regional growth. Tourism Economics 2016, 22, 749 -762.
AMA StyleMaría Tugores, Elisabeth Valle. Innovation, hotel occupancy, and regional growth. Tourism Economics. 2016; 22 (4):749-762.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Tugores; Elisabeth Valle. 2016. "Innovation, hotel occupancy, and regional growth." Tourism Economics 22, no. 4: 749-762.
Elisabeth Valle; Clemente Polo. Input-output analysis. Encyclopedia of Tourism 2016, 480 -481.
AMA StyleElisabeth Valle, Clemente Polo. Input-output analysis. Encyclopedia of Tourism. 2016; ():480-481.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElisabeth Valle; Clemente Polo. 2016. "Input-output analysis." Encyclopedia of Tourism , no. : 480-481.
The authors construct an inter-regional input–output model that combines both national and regional data to isolate the effects of changes in demand by their regional nature using an additive decomposition. The model is used to quantify the backward linkages of the top industries in the Balearic Islands (a European region heavily specializing in tourism) with other industries, both within the region and in the rest of Spain. The results confirm the importance of local industries in terms of backward linkage effects, but also reveal that only 55% of these effects stay in the region, while the rest leak out to the rest of the country due to the extraordinary dependency on supplies created by this specialization.
Juan Soulie; Elisabeth Valle. Trade Effects of Specialization in Tourism: An Inter-Regional Input—Output Model of the Balearic Islands. Tourism Economics 2014, 20, 961 -985.
AMA StyleJuan Soulie, Elisabeth Valle. Trade Effects of Specialization in Tourism: An Inter-Regional Input—Output Model of the Balearic Islands. Tourism Economics. 2014; 20 (5):961-985.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Soulie; Elisabeth Valle. 2014. "Trade Effects of Specialization in Tourism: An Inter-Regional Input—Output Model of the Balearic Islands." Tourism Economics 20, no. 5: 961-985.
Input-output (IO) analysis was developed after the seminal work by Leontief (1936). Following Leon Walras’ general equilibrium framework, Leontief proposed a simple linear model to determine production quantities and prices in a setup where commodities are produced with commodities, in which all “coefficients of production” can be specified numerically with the aid of an IO table. Leontief (1936) was also the first to construct a statistical table for the United States that presented information on “quantitative input and output relations” for 44 industries in 1919, when the first “tableau economique” of a national economy and the first numerical general equilibrium model were born. Since then, IO tables have been routinely constructed for national and regional economies to quantify demand, examine sectoral interdependencies, analyze structural/productivity changes, study redistribution, calculate energy content of commodities, and estimate CO2 emissions.By the 1970s,
Elisabeth Valle; Clemente Polo. Input-output analysis, tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism 2014, 1 -2.
AMA StyleElisabeth Valle, Clemente Polo. Input-output analysis, tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism. 2014; ():1-2.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElisabeth Valle; Clemente Polo. 2014. "Input-output analysis, tourism." Encyclopedia of Tourism , no. : 1-2.
This paper presents new estimates of the weight of tourism in the Balearic Islands (BI) and examine the interactions among tourism-oriented sectors and non-tourism sectors. It also estimates the redistributive effects caused by tourism sectors. The results are obtained for three alternative linear models whose numerical specification relies on a new social accounting matrix (SAM) of the BI constructed by the authors for 2004. This SAM is more ambitious than previous matrices. It is a 62 square matrix built on the information provided by the latest input-output table available, the regional accounts and other statistical information of the BI government and the Continuous Consumers' Expenditure Survey. It includes 35 production activities and 5 representative households. The results of the models confirm the key role of tourism in the BI economy. They also indicate that the more encompassing models provide a fairer picture of the effects of tourism.
Clemente Polo; Elisabeth Valle. Tourism Interactions and Redistribution Effects in the Balearic Islands: A SAM Analysis. Tourism Economics 2014, 22, 353 -374.
AMA StyleClemente Polo, Elisabeth Valle. Tourism Interactions and Redistribution Effects in the Balearic Islands: A SAM Analysis. Tourism Economics. 2014; 22 (2):353-374.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClemente Polo; Elisabeth Valle. 2014. "Tourism Interactions and Redistribution Effects in the Balearic Islands: A SAM Analysis." Tourism Economics 22, no. 2: 353-374.
Clemente Polo; Elisabeth Valle. Estimating Tourism Impacts Using Input–Output and SAM Models in the Balearic Islands. Advances in Tourism Economics 2009, 121 -143.
AMA StyleClemente Polo, Elisabeth Valle. Estimating Tourism Impacts Using Input–Output and SAM Models in the Balearic Islands. Advances in Tourism Economics. 2009; ():121-143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClemente Polo; Elisabeth Valle. 2009. "Estimating Tourism Impacts Using Input–Output and SAM Models in the Balearic Islands." Advances in Tourism Economics , no. : 121-143.
Many mature tourist destinations are considering replacing low category hotel beds with high category beds. This study estimates the potential effects that these proposals will have on employment, assuming that labour is homogeneous. The methodology used is based on the input–output model and the social accounting matrix, which allow direct, indirect and induced effects to be taken into account. In addition to conventional employment and output multipliers, the paper presents projections for different bed replacement scenarios and analyses the replacement ratios which would allow aggregate gross value added or employment to remain constant. Finally, the analysis extends to include the change of tourist expenditure distribution on complementary tourism facilities.
Clemente Polo; Vicente Ramos; Javier Rey-Maquieira; María Tugores; Elisabeth Valle. The Potential Effects of a Change in the Distribution of Tourism Expenditure on Employment. Tourism Economics 2008, 14, 709 -725.
AMA StyleClemente Polo, Vicente Ramos, Javier Rey-Maquieira, María Tugores, Elisabeth Valle. The Potential Effects of a Change in the Distribution of Tourism Expenditure on Employment. Tourism Economics. 2008; 14 (4):709-725.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClemente Polo; Vicente Ramos; Javier Rey-Maquieira; María Tugores; Elisabeth Valle. 2008. "The Potential Effects of a Change in the Distribution of Tourism Expenditure on Employment." Tourism Economics 14, no. 4: 709-725.
According to the official Institute of Tourist Studies, the Balearic Islands, a Spanish region with just over one million inhabitants, received 9.6 million international arrivals in 2005 out of 55.8 million for the entire country. Although a rather impressive figure, it is 8.2% below the 10.5 million recorded in 1999, which might partially explain why the Balearic Islands has recorded the worst growth performance of all 17 autonomous Spanish regions since 2000. A look at the 1997 regional input–output table confirms the Balearic Islands as a service-oriented economy highly specialized in the production of services for tourists. The main purpose of this paper is to provide the first assessment of the impact of tourism in the Balearic Islands using input–output techniques and several alternative assumptions on endogeneity of final demand components. The paper also estimates, under the same assumptions, the effects on the economy of a 10% fall in tourist flows. Finally, the results are compared with those obtained with a social accounting matrix model.
Clemente Polo; Elisabeth Valle. An Assessment of the Impact of Tourism in the Balearic Islands. Tourism Economics 2008, 14, 615 -630.
AMA StyleClemente Polo, Elisabeth Valle. An Assessment of the Impact of Tourism in the Balearic Islands. Tourism Economics. 2008; 14 (3):615-630.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClemente Polo; Elisabeth Valle. 2008. "An Assessment of the Impact of Tourism in the Balearic Islands." Tourism Economics 14, no. 3: 615-630.
A look at the 1997 input-output table shows the Balearic Islands as a service-oriented economy, highly specialized in the production of services for tourists. The main goal of this article is to evaluate with alternative multisectoral models the impact on the Balearic Islands economy of a 10 percent permanent fall in tourism demand. First, we estimate the impact of the reduction in nonresident consumption using a rather standard input-output model. Then, we estimate its effects using an extended general linear model implemented with a social accounting matrix elaborated by the authors. Finally, we use an applied (computable) general equilibrium model using alternative closure rules to those encountered in other regional studies.
Clemente Polo; Elisabeth Valle. A General Equilibrium Assessment of the Impact of a Fall in Tourism Under Alternative Closure Rules: the Case of the Balearic Islands. International Regional Science Review 2008, 31, 3 -34.
AMA StyleClemente Polo, Elisabeth Valle. A General Equilibrium Assessment of the Impact of a Fall in Tourism Under Alternative Closure Rules: the Case of the Balearic Islands. International Regional Science Review. 2008; 31 (1):3-34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClemente Polo; Elisabeth Valle. 2008. "A General Equilibrium Assessment of the Impact of a Fall in Tourism Under Alternative Closure Rules: the Case of the Balearic Islands." International Regional Science Review 31, no. 1: 3-34.