Internal migration in Italy increased in the 2000s due to foreigners residing in the country. Foreigners have changed the characteristics of Italy’s internal migration. Extended gravity models were run to highlight the differences between the migratory behaviours of Italians and foreigners. The model was implemented to detect the different effects of the Italian and foreign populations, and the distances between the provinces of origin and destinations of the inter-provincial migration of Italians and foreigners. Estimations obtained for the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 highlight the different evolutions of the phenomenon.

In the last decade, Italy has been affected by significant flows of migration for humanitarian reasons. According to the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat) more than 500,000 people have sought asylum in Italy since 2014 (the year of the first humanitarian crisis in the Mediterranean). In 2021, there were almost 31,000 new permits for reasons related to international protection. Most of the new documents were granted to Pakistani nationals (6,090), followed at a distance by Bangladeshis (nearly 5,000) and Nigerians (3,057). Incoming flows are clearly recovering (+129%) compared to the previous year, a period affected by the pandemic. Contrary to earlier understanding, some of people arriving for humanitarian reasons are not temporarily passing through the country but remain for many years. Refugees and asylum seekers have special characteristics that distinguish them from the other migrants. The aim of the paper is to present a descriptive analysis of the inflows and the stocks of asylum seekers and refugees during the last decade. The study is based on the data of residence permits. This dataset highlights the dynamics that have affected these particular flows of migrants. In the first part, our paper focuses on the characteristics of migrants and their territorial distribution in Italy. In the second part the authors analyze, applying record linkage techniques and regression models, the likelihood that asylum seekers remain in Italy and study the factors that affect the choice to stay.

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For several years, immigration has been one of the topics at the centre of the Italian media and political debate and has become a structural component of society and the economy. This paper aims to make a contribution to analysing the wage differences between Italians and foreigners in the Italian labour market in terms of the content of occupations. Several studies in the literature suggest that natives respond to immigration by specialising in occupations in which they have a comparative advantage over foreigners. Through the construction of a series of composite indicators, representing the content of occupations, the wage gap between Italian and foreign workers was analysed in order to identify the factors that most determine the observed gap. In this analysis, the Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition was used as a statistical model and the study was conducted through statistical matching between the Labour Force Survey (research file, year 2019) of ISTAT and the Sample Survey on Occupations (year 2013) carried out jointly by ISTAT and INAPP.