Objective: Pancreatic cancer is the cancer type with the highest mortality rate worldwide, and despite advances in treatment, molecular biomarkers are needed for both early diagnosis for developing targeted therapies and improving survival rates in this challenging malignancy. In our study, the contributions of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression to the determination of pancreatic cancer subtypes and patient prognosis and its impact on survival were investigated. Material and Methods: Paraffin-embedded tissues from 92 patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer were included in this study. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and lymphocytes in the stromal area within the tumor borders were scored as stromal TILs; lymphocytes in tumor islands were scored as intratumoral TILs. Staining in each area was scored as a percentage, and staining with a score of 5 or more in tumor and immune cells for PD-L1 was scored as positive. Results: After staining, a score of 5 or more with tPD-L1 staining was used to identify one patient as having micropapillary adenocarcinoma, three patients as having ductal adenocarcinoma, and four patients as having signet ring cell carcinoma. When the clinical parameters and outcomes were compared, a statistically significant difference was found between the histopathologic type of signet ring cell carcinoma and poor differentiation and positivity of PD-L1 expression (P < 0.05). Survival was significantly influenced by tumor location, histopathological subtype, degree of differentiation, PD-L1 expression, and tumor size, with tumor size being the most critical factor (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that PD-L1 positivity is notably prevalent in signet ring cell carcinoma of the pancreas and is strongly associated with poor survival outcomes. Given these results, further studies with larger patient cohorts are warranted to validate these observations and explore potential therapeutic implications.

Objective: This study investigates the prognostic significance of tumor budding and its association with E‐cadherin expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with a focus on a Turkish patient cohort. Methods: A total of 76 patients who had undergone resection of PDAC were analyzed. Tumor budding was assessed according to Tumor Budding Consensus Conference (ITBCC) guideline and classified as low (1–4 buds), medium (5–9 buds), or high (≥ 10 buds). E‐cadherin expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and categorized as low, moderate, or high. The correlations between tumor budding, clinicopathological factors, and survival were statistically analyzed and examined, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Tumor budding was detected in 42.1% of patients, significantly associated with advanced tumor stage ( p < 0.001), perineural invasion ( p = 0.015), and lymphatic invasion ( p = 0.005). Reduced E‐cadherin expression was strongly correlated with tumor budding, which occurred in 83.3% of patients with weak (+) expression. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis demonstrated a median survival of 7.03 months in patients with tumor budding, compared to 21.7 months in those without tumor budding ( p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed tumor budding as an independent prognostic factor (HR = 6.594, 95% CI: 1.825–23.818, p = 0.004). Conclusions: Tumor budding is a reliable prognostic marker in PDAC, demonstrating significant associations with poor clinical outcomes, including advanced tumor stage and reduced survival. These findings support the integration of tumor budding into clinical guidelines to enhance prognostic precision and guide treatment decision‐making.

Histopathological Patterns in Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Analysis of 63 CasesABSTRACTObjective: This study aimed to evaluate the histopathological findings and injury patterns in liver biopsies from patients with suspected drug-induced liver injury (DILI).Materials and Methods: Sixty-three patients undergoing core needle liver biopsy for suspected DILI were retrospectively reviewed. Biopsies were evaluated with H-E and special stains; HAI and fibrosis stage were scored using the Ishak system. Injury patterns were classified as hepatitic, cholestatic, centrilobular, AIH-like and mixed type.Results: Forty-five patients (71.4%) were female; mean age was 45.9 ± 13.8 years. Hepatitic-type injury was most frequent (68.3%), followed by mixed (17.5%) and cholestatic types (9.5%). Mean HAI score was 8.1 ± 2.4; fibrosis stage 2 was most common (42.9%). Eosinophilic infiltration was present in 81.0%, plasma cell infiltration was observed in 44.4% of cases. HAI score and fibrosis stage differed significantly between groups (p=0.015 and p=0.006, respectively).Conclusion: The histopathological spectrum of presumed DILI is heterogeneous. Eosinophilic infiltration and plasma cell infiltration are key diagnostic clues for clinicopathological correlation. This series contributes a morphological framework for DILI evaluation in a Turkish patient cohort.Keywords: Drug-induced liver injury; hepatotoxicity; histopathology; injury pattern; Ishak scoring system

Objective: Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most prevalent cancer among women globally; it originates in the cervix and has a significant association with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic utility of cell block (CB) preparations from liquid-based cytology samples in identifying cervical lesions among Turkish patients with HPV. This approach was intended to supplement conventional Pap smear tests and HPV testing. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 60 HPV-positive cervical smear samples processed through the ThinPrep Pap test. CBs were prepared from liquid-based residues, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and analyzed. Cytological diagnoses were compared with histopathological findings from colposcopy-guided biopsies. The relationships between the Pap smear, CB, and biopsy results were statistically analyzed. Results: Pap smear cytology identified 1.6%, 16.6%, 43.3%, and 3.3% as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, and atypical squamous cells - HSIL cannot be excluded + LSIL, respectively. The CB evaluations classified 6.6% of the samples as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1, 1.6% as CIN2, and 1.6% as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), with 78.3% deemed negative. Histopathological biopsy revealed CIN1 in 11.7%, CIN2 in 1.7%, and CIN3 in 8.3% of the patients. High concordance was observed between the Pap smear and CB diagnoses for negative and low-grade lesions, although discrepancies occurred in higher-grade lesions. HPV testing revealed 65% high-risk positivity, predominantly for HPV16 and HPV18. Significant correlations were found among HPV subtype positivity, CB, and biopsy diagnosis (P < 0.05). Conclusion: CB preparations provide enhanced diagnostic accuracy for high-grade lesions and SCC, thus complementing Pap smear cytology and HPV testing. This approach supports their integration into the routine cervical cancer screening protocols in Türkiye. Further global, multicenter studies are recommended to validate these findings.