We have attempted to summarize the efficacy of bacteriophage therapy, highlighting the recent advances and phage delivery methods in different clinical trials and animal studies for wound-associated infections. Bacteriophage therapy is the lyse of bacteria by bacteriophages at the site of invasion. As bacteria become more resistant to antibiotics, discovering an alternative is more important than ever, and bacteriophage therapy has yielded promising outcomes. A clear knowledge of the bacteriophage, microbiota, and human host and their interaction is necessary to implement bacteriophage treatment on a large scale. Much technological advancement and regulatory guidelines increased the credibility of phage therapy (PT). Still, the challenges include the development of efficient bacteriophage screening methods, phage therapy strategies for biofilms, and the quality and safety of phage preparations. However, much consideration is to be taken in designing a novel therapeutic approach for antibiotic-resistant infections by using phages, phage lytic proteins, bioengineered phages, or antibiotics in combination.

Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Brain Involvement - 5 Years Experience from a Tertiary Care Center in South India | InTechOpen, Published on: 2012-03-16. Authors: Kannan Vaidyanathan, M. P. Narayanan and D. M. Vasudevan

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health burden, ranked among the most common causes of cancer-related fatalities. While insulin resistance (IR) biomarkers have been associated with CRC prognosis, their role in predicting metastasis remains unclear. Metastasis remains a critical determinant of prognosis and treatment planning in CRC. Identifying precise biomarkers can improve CRC management. This study evaluates the prognostic efficacy of lipid-based IR biomarkers in predicting metastasis in treatment-naïve CRC patients and selects the most appropriate one. We also explore their association with clinicopathological characteristics. Eighty-seven CRC patients (metastatic, n = 24; non-metastatic, n = 63) from four tertiary hospitals in India were analysed. Clinical data included TNM staging, ECOG-PS, KPS, CEA, and lipid profiles. Statistical tests included Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney U-test, ROC curve analysis, Spearman’s correlation, multiple linear regression, and binary logistic regression. Statistically significant differences were observed in job status, diet, smoking, alcohol use, diabetes, BMI, and IR markers between metastatic and non-metastatic CRC patients. Among the IR biomarkers, the ratio of LDL to HDL (LHR) demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy with an AUC of 0.867 (p < 0.05, CI: 0.79–0.94), a sensitivity of 83.3%, and a specificity of 74.6%. Spearman correlation analysis unveiled a moderate-positive relationship between IR biomarkers and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels, except for the triglyceride glucose index (TyG). Binary logistic regression identified LHR as the sole significant predictor of metastasis, with a one-unit increase in LHR corresponding to a 19.35% higher likelihood of metastasis. Multiple linear regression confirmed a moderate, significant combined effect of TNM staging, ECOG-PS, KPS, and LHR. LHR strongly predicts metastasis in CRC patients, with high sensitivity and specificity among IR biomarkers. Its significant association with TNM staging, ECOG-PS, and CEA levels highlights its potential for early detection of metastasis and improved risk stratification. Larger studies are needed to validate its clinical utility for personalised treatment planning.