Frailty, a biologic syndrome of decreased reserve and resistance to stressors, affects 5 % to 17 % of older adults and is linked to factors like low BMI, female sex, and low exercise levels. With India's older population expected to double by 2050, frailty presents major public health and economic challenges. This study summarizes the prevalence of frailty among community-dwelling Indians. This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines to determine the prevalence of frailty among adults in India. We conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science, up to January 16, 2024, excluding hospital-based studies and reviews. Data were analyzed using STATA software with a random-effects model, and quality was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. The meta-analysis revealed a pooled frailty prevalence of 36 % (95 % CI: 29 % to 44 %) among 330,007 community-dwelling adults in India, with significant heterogeneity across studies (I² = 99.95 %). Frailty prevalence varied by assessment method, with 48 % using the frailty index and 31 % using the Fried phenotype. Subgroup analyses indicated significant variability in frailty prevalence by gender, data source, and assessment tool, with no significant publication bias detected. This meta-analysis found a pooled frailty prevalence of 36 % and pre-frailty prevalence of 48 % among adults in India, with higher frailty in women (45 %) than men (35 %) and variation across assessment tools. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and developing tailored frailty assessment tools.

Introduction: Preeclampsia (PE) remains a significant cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating effective prevention strategies. Low-dose aspirin has been proposed as a preventive measure for women at high risk of developing PE, given its role in modulating platelet aggregation and improving placental perfusion. However, questions regarding optimal dosage, timing, and effectiveness across diverse populations persist. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose aspirin in reducing the incidence of PE. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across databases and registers, identifying 850 records. After removing duplicates and excluding studies based on eligibility criteria, 33 RCTs were included. Data were extracted on aspirin dosage, timing of initiation, continuation duration, and PE outcomes. Meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the protective effect of aspirin, and study quality was assessed using bias scoring. Results: Low-dose aspirin (75–150 mg) significantly reduced PE incidence in high-risk women. Early initiation, particularly between 12–16 weeks, demonstrated enhanced efficacy. Higher doses, such as 150 mg, were associated with better outcomes compared to lower doses. Variability among studies was noted due to differences in populations, aspirin protocols, and methodological quality. Bias assessments indicated moderate quality across most studies. Conclusion: Low-dose aspirin, initiated early in pregnancy, effectively reduces PE risk in high-risk women. Findings support integrating aspirin therapy into prenatal care guidelines, with tailored dosing based on patient risk profiles. Future research should refine protocols and explore long-term maternal and neonatal outcomes.