During aviation operations, low temperatures can cause fuel freezing and icing on 6061 aluminum fuel lines, threatening flight safety. To mitigate this, a surface treatment combining FeCl₃ etching and an ORMOSIL sol–gel coating was proposed to construct a superhydrophobic functional layer. FeCl₃ etching generated a hierarchical micro/nanostructure on the aluminum surface, while the ORMOSIL layer, formed by the co-hydrolysis and condensation of PFOTES and HDTMS, built Si-O-Si networks and introduced C-F groups to reduce surface energy and enhance stability. The modified surface showed a high water contact angle of 161.44°, confirming excellent superhydrophobicity. AFM analysis revealed a significant increase in surface roughness (Sa = 0.844 μm), confirming the formation of a hierarchical micro/nanostructure. Electrochemical measurements showed a positive shift in corrosion potential from −0.723 V to −0.652 V, demonstrating enhanced corrosion resistance. More importantly, after 120 h of immersion in aviation fuel, the coating maintained a high contact angle of 156.73° and preserved its Si-O-Si network and fluorinated functional groups, confirming outstanding fuel resistance and long-term stability. These results demonstrate that the proposed ORMOSIL coating is a promising protective strategy for aviation fuel systems operating under low-temperature and corrosive conditions.