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Urban planning plays a key role supporting the multigenerational development of cities. Accessibility is one of the main fields of action in multigenerational planning. The aim is to increase mobility, reduce congestion and traffic, develop and integrate policies on public, private and shared transport, and promote the pedestrian safety. This study analyzes the policies, tools and urban actions that may provide strategic guidelines for dealing with the changing demographic phenomenon, with particular reference to the city of Milan, where the Urban Plan of Sustainable Mobility (PUMS) and the Architectural Barrier Elimination Plan were approved. The PUMS develops a system vision of the mobility of the metropolitan area, proposing the achievement of environmental, social and economic sustainability objectives, through actions aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the mobility system and its integration with the urban structure and socio-economic development. The study further analyzes the transport supply and mobility demand of the elderly, with attention to three peripheral neighborhoods: Gallaratese, Gratosoglio and Niguarda Ca’ Granda. This paper presents some findings of a study on Milan’s senior population and their mobility related issues within their neighbourhoods. As discussed beforehand, the three peripheral focus areas present a somewhat similar situation considering the quality of the neighbour layout and level of public transportation offered, which is essential for mobility and accessibility, yet also other fundamental services mainly concerning the older generation.
Fulvia Pinto; Mina Akhavan. Multigenerational Urban Planning for Accessible Cities: Lessons from the Case of Milan and Its Senior Population. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 2021, 593 -603.
AMA StyleFulvia Pinto, Mina Akhavan. Multigenerational Urban Planning for Accessible Cities: Lessons from the Case of Milan and Its Senior Population. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. 2021; ():593-603.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFulvia Pinto; Mina Akhavan. 2021. "Multigenerational Urban Planning for Accessible Cities: Lessons from the Case of Milan and Its Senior Population." Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering , no. : 593-603.
Coworking space is an urban phenomenon, but it is interesting to explore their potential diffusion in non-core areas because of the positive direct and indirect effects that it can produce (direct effects on the coworkers and indirect effects on the urban environment and planning). This chapter aims to fill the gap in the literature on the effects of coworking spaces (CSs). By conducting an empirical study, the “indirect” effects of CSs on the urban context in Italy are explored, with a focus on pole and non-pole areas, as defined in Italy by the National Strategy for Inner Areas (Strategia Nazionale per le Aree Interne—SNAI). The empirical study is based on an online survey addressed to coworkers (CWs) of the 549 CSs located in Italy (as of January 2018): 326 CWs from 118 CSs have responded. The data are then elaborated by means of descriptive statistics and econometric analysis (propensity score matching/counterfactual). This geographical focus will allow us to understand whether and how CSs may be beneficial also to non-pole areas by promoting: entrepreneurial milieu; knowledge creation by retaining knowledge workers; and the creative class, social inclusion, and spatial regeneration. The findings suggest implications for policymakers and opens new avenues for further research.
Ilaria Mariotti; Mina Akhavan; Dante Di Matteo. The Geography of Coworking Spaces and the Effects on the Urban Context: Are Pole Areas Gaining? CoDesign for Public-Interest Services 2021, 169 -194.
AMA StyleIlaria Mariotti, Mina Akhavan, Dante Di Matteo. The Geography of Coworking Spaces and the Effects on the Urban Context: Are Pole Areas Gaining? CoDesign for Public-Interest Services. 2021; ():169-194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Mariotti; Mina Akhavan; Dante Di Matteo. 2021. "The Geography of Coworking Spaces and the Effects on the Urban Context: Are Pole Areas Gaining?" CoDesign for Public-Interest Services , no. : 169-194.
This introduction chapter briefly discusses the main focus of the book on the phenomenon of new workplaces (also known as “third places,” “flexible spaces,” and “collaborative spaces”), with a focus on coworking spaces and maker spaces, which is defined as permanent or temporary spaces for working. At the same time, they enable collaboration, mutual learning, knowledge sharing, as well as social and spatial relationships among users. It then highlights the importance of the book in sharing the findings of several international and multidisciplinary research projects concerning coworking spaces and maker spaces as paradigmatic of a shift in the new geography of working and making. Furthermore, this chapter outlines the structure of this edited book in four main parts: (i) Phenomena; (ii) Actors; (iii) Places; and (iv) Agenda. It then underlines that this book is designed for an international audience; it is useful not only for the academic world (in Urban Planning, Urban and Regional Economics, Geography, Sociology, Anthropology, Architectural and Urban Design) but also for policymakers, civil and entrepreneurial associations, and business operators.
Mina Akhavan; Stefano Di Vita; Ilaria Mariotti. Introducing the Worldwide Phenomenon of Flexible Workplaces. CoDesign for Public-Interest Services 2021, 1 -9.
AMA StyleMina Akhavan, Stefano Di Vita, Ilaria Mariotti. Introducing the Worldwide Phenomenon of Flexible Workplaces. CoDesign for Public-Interest Services. 2021; ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan; Stefano Di Vita; Ilaria Mariotti. 2021. "Introducing the Worldwide Phenomenon of Flexible Workplaces." CoDesign for Public-Interest Services , no. : 1-9.
The concluding chapter outlines the main findings of the book concerning the analysis and discussion of new workplaces, specifically, CSs and MSs, in different geographical contexts, by: (i) providing definitions, exploring their typologies, users, and location factors; (ii) investigating the effects on the local context; (iii) exploring urban planning and policies. Several case studies in Europe (Italy, UK, and France) and in the USA have been explored. The results show that the phenomenon is mainly urban, but even suburban and peripheral areas are becoming attractive to new working spaces. Although the book is concerned about the period before the Covid-19 pandemic, this chapter opens the discourse towards the immediate and future effects of the pandemic on the geography of work and new working spaces and suggests new avenues for future research.
Ilaria Mariotti; Mina Akhavan; Stefano Di Vita. A Research Agenda for the Future of Workplaces. CoDesign for Public-Interest Services 2021, 299 -304.
AMA StyleIlaria Mariotti, Mina Akhavan, Stefano Di Vita. A Research Agenda for the Future of Workplaces. CoDesign for Public-Interest Services. 2021; ():299-304.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Mariotti; Mina Akhavan; Stefano Di Vita. 2021. "A Research Agenda for the Future of Workplaces." CoDesign for Public-Interest Services , no. : 299-304.
Given the growing importance and worldwide diffusion of new workplaces, this chapter presents an interdisciplinary overview on the core topic of this book through an up-to-date literature review of the phenomenon of emerging workplaces, more specifically coworking spaces and makers spaces. In other words, the aim is to provide a comprehensive review of research on coworking spaces and maker spaces as ‘third places’ for work, which are becoming alternative solutions within the context of the digital revolution and the rise of sharing economy. Here, such workplaces are considered at crossroads with different disciplines of business/management, economics, geography, sociology, planning, and other sciences. The review, therefore, covers studies conducted by scholars in varied fields, which are published in journals or presented in conferences, as well as unpublished thesis and working papers within the period 2001–2019. These studies have focused on several aspects of coworking spaces and maker spaces, which can be grouped in the following categories: (i) spatial characteristics (typologies and location factors); (ii) coworkers and socio-economics patterns (proximity features; social interaction and community making; economic performance; well-being); (iii) effects on the urban context in cities of different sizes. Considering the still very young topic of emerging workplaces, this review concludes by building a theoretical foundation, while highlighting the gap in the literature and proposing future research lines.
Mina Akhavan. Third Places for Work: A Multidisciplinary Review of the Literature on Coworking Spaces and Maker Spaces. CoDesign for Public-Interest Services 2021, 13 -32.
AMA StyleMina Akhavan. Third Places for Work: A Multidisciplinary Review of the Literature on Coworking Spaces and Maker Spaces. CoDesign for Public-Interest Services. 2021; ():13-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan. 2021. "Third Places for Work: A Multidisciplinary Review of the Literature on Coworking Spaces and Maker Spaces." CoDesign for Public-Interest Services , no. : 13-32.
With a rising globalization of the economy and society, the digital transformation, and the economic downturn started in 2008, working is becoming less dependent on distance, location, and time. These are some of the reasons that have fostered the development and diffusion of new working spaces like coworking spaces. The paper aims at exploring the location determinants of coworking spaces, an issue that has been less developed by the literature up to now. By focusing on the 549 coworking spaces located in Italy at the year 2018, the paper investigates the location factors of such workplaces, and the attractiveness of large cities as well as peripheral areas. The results of the descriptive statistics and the econometric analysis (a Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial model is applied) confirm that coworking is mainly an urban phenomenon, since coworking spaces tend to be knowledge-intensive places for creative people. Specifically, the municipalities showing higher innovation and entrepreneurial environment (i.e. major cities) are preferred locations. Besides, it is discussed whether coworking spaces may contribute to fostering the development of peripheral and inner areas in Italy, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic where the share of teleworkers outside metropolitan areas has massively increased.
Ilaria Mariotti; Mina Akhavan; Federica Rossi. The preferred location of coworking spaces in Italy: an empirical investigation in urban and peripheral areas. European Planning Studies 2021, 1 -23.
AMA StyleIlaria Mariotti, Mina Akhavan, Federica Rossi. The preferred location of coworking spaces in Italy: an empirical investigation in urban and peripheral areas. European Planning Studies. 2021; ():1-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Mariotti; Mina Akhavan; Federica Rossi. 2021. "The preferred location of coworking spaces in Italy: an empirical investigation in urban and peripheral areas." European Planning Studies , no. : 1-23.
Port-cities are not only cities that exist on the shoreline, but economic centres, which are maritime-based by nature. These cities are thriving on maritime flows and connections to trade dynamics, which allow them to take advantage of their strategic location and commercial connections. Maritime ports and the cities hosting them, i.e. port-cities, have long fascinated scholars—geographers, economists, architects, urban planners, sociologists etc.—as they become centres of exchange where different social and urban environments meet, at the intersection between land and sea. This introductory chapter sets the foundation for the twofold argument of this book on port-city development trajectories throughout time, and the evolution of port geography, East versus the West.
Mina Akhavan. State-of-the-Art Studies. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications 2020, 1 -10.
AMA StyleMina Akhavan. State-of-the-Art Studies. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications. 2020; ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan. 2020. "State-of-the-Art Studies." Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications , no. : 1-10.
This chapter critically discusses a wide range of literature and theories centred on port-city studies, with the aim to situate the current book within a wider inter-disciplinary debate. Based on the central focus of this study, here it is important to review the scientific scholarship on port-city relationship, both from the spatial and socio-economic perspectives. Reviewing the existing research studies and publications can help us define the concept of ‘port-city’ and find a common theoretical base. Some empirical studies have focused on conceptualizing spatial models, providing general characteristics for the changing port-city relations with regard to the specific spatial and economic features of the studied region. Reviewing the literature is thus important to understand how the port and city functions have been dependent and related to one another. Furthermore, analysing the models of port-city evolution, and highlighting the common features is essential, in order to describe the current dynamics at the port-city interface. The discussion is then expanded through more recent literature focusing on regional port development and the role of ports within the logistics system and global supply chain.
Mina Akhavan. Changing Interaction Between the Port and the City. West Versus East. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications 2020, 11 -28.
AMA StyleMina Akhavan. Changing Interaction Between the Port and the City. West Versus East. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications. 2020; ():11-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan. 2020. "Changing Interaction Between the Port and the City. West Versus East." Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications , no. : 11-28.
This concluding chapter provides a critical review of the arguments discussed in the previous chapter of this book. The main statement of this book is that emerging port-cities in the GCC countries are becoming key players in the global system of ports while configuring commodity flows. Here, Dubai is used as an extreme case with a constant series of development stages that makes it today an important hub-port and logistics centre in the region. Attention is drawn to the success story of Dubai in developing into a global logistics centre, compared to Singapore as the world’s leading logistics hub; the role of government and its initiatives in sustaining competitiveness is highlighted. Against the trend in port-cities in the Western world, the results of the empirical study show that the relationship between the port and the city has not weakened but strengthened and more specialized throughput time.
Mina Akhavan. Conclusions. Future of Port Geography in the Developing World. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications 2020, 115 -125.
AMA StyleMina Akhavan. Conclusions. Future of Port Geography in the Developing World. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications. 2020; ():115-125.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan. 2020. "Conclusions. Future of Port Geography in the Developing World." Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications , no. : 115-125.
The abundance of literature on port geography is mainly concerned about the Western developed world and some limited cases of the Asian and African ports. The available theories and models, as well as empirical studies are therefore based on these two poles, leaving some important parts of the world yet to be explored; namely the Middle East (or the West Asia) with its rich and complex history of urbanization. This region is known for its oil and gas resources; also for its fast-developing oil-stimulated-cities of the Arab world thanks to the natural wealth: Dubai port-city with its mega ports and advanced logistics infrastructure, and being the most important global city in the region, provides the perfect example to study the port geography and its changing port and city relationship throughout time, in four main stages since the early twenty-first century. In this chapter, Dubai is studied as one of the Arab oil-cities of the Persian Gulf, which is not burdened to history in order to attract investment, business, tourists, etc., yet has made its own model of development triggered by the trade-based infrastructures. Here, the argument is based on a reciprocal relationship between the port and the city, since the advent of a free port. Historically the port has been the backbone for socio-economic development through increasing the level of international trade; followed by Creek dredging, modern port developments integrated with the free trade zones, which are the key elements in diversifying the economy and logistics hub-city making.
Mina Akhavan. Making of a Global Port-City in the Middle East: The Dubai Model. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications 2020, 51 -69.
AMA StyleMina Akhavan. Making of a Global Port-City in the Middle East: The Dubai Model. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications. 2020; ():51-69.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan. 2020. "Making of a Global Port-City in the Middle East: The Dubai Model." Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications , no. : 51-69.
This chapter focuses on the role of port-cities within the system of the global economy. While literature on globalization has paid too much attention to the major global/world cities at the top hierarchy such as New York, London and Tokyo, it has rather neglected how other cities—especially those with ports—are affected by globalization trends. Although it is not the intension of this book to discuss or criticize the globalization theories, and the impact of global forces on the city, however, since ports are considered as elements within a global network, it is essential to unpack some concepts: gateway-cities, entrepôts and hub-cities are used as filters to study the role of cities within the system of global connections. The intension is to broaden our understanding on the connection between globalization and the city, beyond the limited focus on global/world cities. The role of ‘maritime ports’ as important assets for the city is also discussed through positioning this infrastructure, as a freight transport terminal, within the logistics system and the global supply chain. In fact, through the growing complexity of supply chains and markets, port-cities can become a nodal point to facilitate the transportation of goods and knowledge.
Mina Akhavan. Revisiting Port-Cities in the Global Context. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications 2020, 29 -49.
AMA StyleMina Akhavan. Revisiting Port-Cities in the Global Context. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications. 2020; ():29-49.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan. 2020. "Revisiting Port-Cities in the Global Context." Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications , no. : 29-49.
Studies on urbanisation and urban patterns in the Persian Gulf Region (with an exception for Iran and Iraq) have discussed the modern ‘Gulf City’ and oil-driven cities starting from the early 1960s. In the case of UAE in general and Dubai in particular, the wealth brought by the oil has been invested to attract foreign direct investments and to diversify the economy by means of massive capital-intensive infrastructures and megaprojects. This chapter review the changing port-city relationships with relation to these interventions, in terms of the contribution of fright flows through ports and their ancillary infrastructures to urbanization and economic growth. Although the primarily function of a port is transport integration, a port facilitated by relevant infrastructures may perform as an urban centre to generate employment and contribute in the economy, redefining the conventional relation at the local, regional and global level. Here, Dubai is studied as one of the Arab oil-states of the Region, which is not burdened to history in order to attract investment, business, tourists, etc., yet has made its own model of development triggered preliminary by trade. Here, the argument is based on a reciprocal relationship between the port and the city, since the advent of a free port and a proliferation of mosaics of free zones, which are key elements in diversifying the economy and logistics hub-city making.
Mina Akhavan. Economic Diversification, Freight Flows and Transnational Expansion in Dubai Hub Port-City. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications 2020, 71 -114.
AMA StyleMina Akhavan. Economic Diversification, Freight Flows and Transnational Expansion in Dubai Hub Port-City. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications. 2020; ():71-114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan. 2020. "Economic Diversification, Freight Flows and Transnational Expansion in Dubai Hub Port-City." Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications , no. : 71-114.
Since the mid-2000s, the rising phenomenon of coworking spaces (CSs) has provided a flexible and mainly affordable solution for freelancers, entrepreneurs, small firms and start-ups, which may had experienced the issues of isolation when working from home, to work in a shared workplace, interact, socialize and share knowledge. This article explores the phenomenon of CSs within the theoretical framework of proximity measures a là Boschma (2005) – cognitive, organisational, social and institutional – that underpin the aspects of innovation, interaction and knowledge exchange. Though some studies on CSs have indirectly studied the different aspects of proximity, only a few of them focused on the importance of proximity measures at the workspace. With the aim to fill the gap in the literature, an empirical study was applied to Italy with 549 active CSs in 2018. The data was collected through an on-line questionnaire, addressed to a sample of 326 coworkers, focusing mainly on the set of questions devoted to understanding whether coworkers have exploited the proximity typologies in their CSs, have experienced increases in their revenues and well-being. The results are critically discussed, and some insights on policy implications are proposed.
Ilaria Mariotti; Mina Akhavan. Exploring Proximities in Coworking Spaces: Evidence from Italy. European Spatial Research and Policy 2020, 27, 37 -52.
AMA StyleIlaria Mariotti, Mina Akhavan. Exploring Proximities in Coworking Spaces: Evidence from Italy. European Spatial Research and Policy. 2020; 27 (1):37-52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Mariotti; Mina Akhavan. 2020. "Exploring Proximities in Coworking Spaces: Evidence from Italy." European Spatial Research and Policy 27, no. 1: 37-52.
This chapter investigates the relationship between port cities and world cities. On the basis of an interlocking network for advanced logistics at European level, the study investigates: a) the attractiveness of cities/regions with a seaport to the location of the largest global third-party logistics (3PL) providers; and b) the correlation between the logistics connectivity (LGNC) of port cities and the physical distance between these port cities and nearby world cities. The econometric analysis highlights that in the case of port cities located very far from world cities they can concentrate advanced logistics function thanks to the impact of variable specialized knowledge centres (transport hubs). In contrast, if there is a world city nearby, it tends to ‘suck up’ the advanced logistics functions. The results suggest that in the case of port cities where advanced logistics has been sucked up by nearby world cities, a collaborative strategy can allow preferential access to skills not directly present, with positive effects for the core activities of both types of city.
Mina Akhavan; Hilda Ghiara; Ilaria Mariotti; Enrico Musso; Cécile Sillig. Attractiveness of port-centric advanced logistics clusters. Geographies of Maritime Transport 2020, 275 -291.
AMA StyleMina Akhavan, Hilda Ghiara, Ilaria Mariotti, Enrico Musso, Cécile Sillig. Attractiveness of port-centric advanced logistics clusters. Geographies of Maritime Transport. 2020; ():275-291.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan; Hilda Ghiara; Ilaria Mariotti; Enrico Musso; Cécile Sillig. 2020. "Attractiveness of port-centric advanced logistics clusters." Geographies of Maritime Transport , no. : 275-291.
Mina Akhavan; Hilda Ghiara; Ilaria Mariotti; Cécile Sillig. Logistics global network connectivity and its determinants. A European City network analysis. Journal of Transport Geography 2020, 82, 1 .
AMA StyleMina Akhavan, Hilda Ghiara, Ilaria Mariotti, Cécile Sillig. Logistics global network connectivity and its determinants. A European City network analysis. Journal of Transport Geography. 2020; 82 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan; Hilda Ghiara; Ilaria Mariotti; Cécile Sillig. 2020. "Logistics global network connectivity and its determinants. A European City network analysis." Journal of Transport Geography 82, no. : 1.
Mina Akhavan. Contemporary European Port-Cities as Laboratories. TERRITORIO 2019, 99 -104.
AMA StyleMina Akhavan. Contemporary European Port-Cities as Laboratories. TERRITORIO. 2019; (88):99-104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan. 2019. "Contemporary European Port-Cities as Laboratories." TERRITORIO , no. 88: 99-104.
Mario Paris; Mina Akhavan. Teaching the Contemporary City abroad. TERRITORIO 2019, 65 -66.
AMA StyleMario Paris, Mina Akhavan. Teaching the Contemporary City abroad. TERRITORIO. 2019; (88):65-66.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMario Paris; Mina Akhavan. 2019. "Teaching the Contemporary City abroad." TERRITORIO , no. 88: 65-66.
The late 2000s witnessed a wide diffusion of innovative workplaces, named coworking spaces, designed to host creative people and entrepreneurs: the coworkers. Sharing the same space may provide a collaborative community to those kinds of workers who otherwise would not enjoy the relational component associated with a traditional corporate office. Coworking spaces can bring several benefits to freelancers and independent workers, such as knowledge transfer, informal exchange, cooperation, and forms of horizontal interaction with others, as well as business opportunities. Moreover, additional effects may concern the urban context: from community building, with the subsequent creation of social streets, and the improvement of the surrounding public space, to a wider urban revitalization, both from an economic and spatial point of view. These “indirect” effects are neglected by the literature, which mainly focuses on the positive impact on the workers’ performance. The present paper aimed to fill the gap in the literature by exploring the effects of coworking spaces in Italy on the local context, devoting particular attention to the relation with social streets. To reach this goal, the answers (320) to an on-line questionnaire addressed to coworkers were analysed. The results showed that three quarters of the coworkers reported a positive impact of coworking on the urban and local context, where 10 out of 100 coworking spaces developed and/or participated in social streets located in Italian cities, but also in the suburban and peripheral areas.
Mina Akhavan; Ilaria Mariotti; Lisa Astolfi; Annapaola Canevari. Coworking Spaces and New Social Relations: A Focus on the Social Streets in Italy. Urban Science 2018, 3, 2 .
AMA StyleMina Akhavan, Ilaria Mariotti, Lisa Astolfi, Annapaola Canevari. Coworking Spaces and New Social Relations: A Focus on the Social Streets in Italy. Urban Science. 2018; 3 (1):2.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan; Ilaria Mariotti; Lisa Astolfi; Annapaola Canevari. 2018. "Coworking Spaces and New Social Relations: A Focus on the Social Streets in Italy." Urban Science 3, no. 1: 2.
Mina Akhavan. Development dynamics of port-cities interface in the Arab Middle Eastern world - The case of Dubai global hub port-city. Cities 2017, 60, 343 -352.
AMA StyleMina Akhavan. Development dynamics of port-cities interface in the Arab Middle Eastern world - The case of Dubai global hub port-city. Cities. 2017; 60 ():343-352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMina Akhavan. 2017. "Development dynamics of port-cities interface in the Arab Middle Eastern world - The case of Dubai global hub port-city." Cities 60, no. : 343-352.