The digital transformation of higher education has heightened the need for reliable mechanisms to verify the authenticity, integrity, and independence of academic documents. This study presents the design and practical implementation of a blockchain-based, multifunctional educational document verification system for the higher education environment of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The proposed system is presented by a hybrid multi-layered architecture that integrates a frontend web portal, a C# ASP.NET backend service, a PostgreSQL off-chain database, a Smart Bridge integration subsystem, and an Ethereum-compatible blockchain layer with Solidity smart contracts. The system separates operational educational data from trust-sensitive verification records: student, graduate, catalog, and document metadata are stored off-chain, while selected transcript and diploma-related data are registered on-chain and linked to transaction hashes. The Smart Bridge subsystem enables secure interaction with state information systems via SOAP/XML and digital signatures, improving the reliability of personal data used in academic record processing. The blockchain implementation uses transaction hashes, event logs, BlockScout monitoring, and role-based smart-contract authorization to support traceability and tamper-resistant verification. Experimental implementation showed an average gas consumption of approximately 226,125 gas per transaction. The proposed system demonstrates that blockchain extends existing centralized educational infrastructures by adding a transparent, auditable, and user-accessible trust layer for academic document management and verification.