Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, annually responsible for around 655,000 deaths worldwide. CRC usually develops very slowly, over a period of 10 to 20 years and typically begin as a non-cancerous polyp that develops on the inner layer of the colon or rectum. However, CRC is curable if detected at an early stage. The current treatment of colorectal cancer primarily depends on surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy. A combination of two or more treatments is often recommended to achieve the best outcome, depending on the stage of cancer development. In this review, we summarized the challenges of using 5-Fluorouracil as chemotherapy to treat colorectal cancer, and discussed the implications of nano drug delivery system for improved therapeutic outcome of 5-Flurouracil

Tea (Camellia sinensis, Family: Theaceae) is one of the extremely consumed beverages around the world, behind to water. The brew tea is the merely food product contains abundant quantity of the catechins. Green tea is the least processed and thus contains rich antioxidant, polyphenols, especially catechin called epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which is whispered to be responsible for a wide range of the health benefits. The key to the amazing health benefits that are derived from green tea is that the leaves are steamed which preserves the EGCG compound from being oxidized. However, the other varieties of teas are under go fermentation process, which breaks down the potential EGCG and destroy from its healing properties. In reality, green tea has very extensive history dating back thousands and thousands of years ago. However, the pharmacological efficacy and stability of green tea catchiness are primarily depended on the formulation and way to drink to alleviate the deadly diseases with scientific evidence. Nanotechnology is a vibrantly emerging field especially in the pharmaceutical industry to explore a lot of application. The promising nano-delivery system used to enhance the therapeutic efficacy with a minimal dose, minimize the dose-related toxicity, target delivery, site-specific delivery, and controlled/sustain the delivery application. In recent decades, the application of nanotechnology has been utilized for phytopharmaceutical industry including green tea catechins to maximize the health benefits. In this review, we tried our level best retrieve the value of information on nanodelivery application of green tea catchiness for various devastating diseases.

A melt dispersion technique was employed to prepare ofloxacin lipospheres, by using cetyl alcohol (polar lipid). Effects of various process parameters such as selection of surfactants (gelatin, Tween 40 and poly vinyl alcohol) and selection of stirring speed were studied. Lipospheres were evaluated for morphology, drug entrapment and in vitro drug release profiles. The optimized liposphere batch was selected and formulated as tablets and evaluated the in vitro drug release profile. These studies showed that ofloxacin loaded lipospheres were able to control the drug release for a period of 16h.

The aim of this research was to formulate the ofloxacin loaded lipospheres as a drug delivery system to improve the oral bioavailability, reduce toxicity and achieve better patient compliance. The ofloxacin loaded lipospheres were formulated by melt dispersion technique using cetyl alcohol; poly vinyl alcohol (0.1%w/v) and pectin (1%w/v) act as lipid carrier, surfactant and co-surfactant respectively. The in vitro release kinetic studies were carried out for lipospheres loaded with ofloxacin and the value of R² in Higuchi model is greater than 0.99 and release exponent (n), was found to be more than 0.5 that is Non-Fickian type. The in vitro release kinetic followed dissolution and then Korsmeyer–Peppas models. The bioavailability of ofloxacin loaded lipospheres was performed in rabbits after oral administration was studied. The plasma drug concentration was estimated by using a simple, accurate and precise high performance thin layer chromatographic technique. The pharmacokinetics studies demonstrated that the liposphere system enhance the bioavailability of ofloxacin by 2.45 fold after oral administration. Based on these results, we concluded that lipospheres might be a promising lipid based colloidal carrier system to enhance the bioavailability of ofloxacin.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in extracellular matrix remodeling and wound healing. However, their dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), a severe complication of diabetes mellitus. Excessive MMP activity in DFUs leads to chronic inflammation, delayed wound healing, and tissue degradation by disrupting the balance between matrix deposition and degradation. Among MMPs, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are particularly elevated in chronic wounds, contributing to impaired angiogenesis and persistent infection. Understanding the role of MMPs in DFU pathophysiology has driven research into MMP inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. Both natural and synthetic MMP inhibitors have been explored for their wound-healing properties. Natural inhibitors, including flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols derived from medicinal plants, exhibit MMP-modulating effects through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. Synthetic inhibitors, such as hydroxamate-based compounds, have been developed to selectively target MMP activity, though their clinical application remains limited due to toxicity concerns. Recent advancements in nanotechnology and drug delivery systems have enabled the development of novel MMP inhibitors with improved specificity and reduced side effects. Current research focuses on optimizing these inhibitors to promote tissue regeneration while minimizing adverse effects. This review highlights the pathophysiological role of MMPs in DFUs and recent developments in MMP inhibitors of both natural and synthetic origins. A deeper understanding of these therapeutic strategies may pave the way for more effective treatments, improving clinical outcomes in diabetic patients suffering from chronic foot ulcers.

One of the most pressing challenges facing healthcare today is the rise of biofilm infections and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which demand entirely new therapeutic strategies beyond conventional antibiotic reliance. A biofilm is a structured community of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, which confers resistance to host immune defenses and antimicrobial agents. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that plant-derived secondary metabolites—including flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, terpenoids, and alkaloids—exert potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activities through diverse mechanisms of action. These natural compounds inhibit biofilm formation by disrupting bacterial adhesion, suppressing quorum sensing, degrading the EPS matrix, and impairing bacterial motility. Beyond independent bioactivity, phytochemicals demonstrate significant synergistic potential when combined with conventional antibiotics, revitalizing antimicrobial efficacy against drug-resistant pathogens. Nanoformulation and biogenic carrier technologies further enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic potency of these compounds. Despite these advances, critical challenges persist, including poor bioavailability, physicochemical instability, dose-dependent toxicity, and the risk of resistance development. This review presents a critical and integrative analysis of the pharmacological mechanisms of plant secondary metabolites, with particular emphasis on their role in combating biofilm-associated infections and antibiotic resistance, and discusses translational opportunities including structure–activity relationship (SAR)-guided optimization, high-throughput screening platforms, and advanced drug delivery systems. Collectively, plant secondary metabolites represent a scientifically compelling and clinically relevant pipeline for the development of next-generation antimicrobial and antibiofilm therapeutics.