Traditional door mechanisms in public spaces, such as knob locks and standard handles, require manual contact, making them prone to contamination and posing significant health risks. To address the critical need for a safer and more hygienic solution, this study aimed to develop an innovative foot-operated door mechanism that is accessible and intuitive for all users. The study applies the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), ergonomic principles, and universal design to develop the foot-operated mechanism, while using Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) and the Kano model to evaluate user satisfaction and identify design improvements. The foot-operated mechanism developed in this study features internal and external pedals for seamless door operation, a secure locking system, and color-coded indicators for clear occupancy status communication, ensuring both ease of use and privacy. The design significantly enhances hygiene by minimizing manual contact and improves user convenience, as confirmed through the IPA-Kano analysis. This mechanism not only provides a practical and effective solution to contamination risks but also demonstrates versatility, making it suitable for various public spaces and accessible to a wide range of users. This study represents a significant contribution to public infrastructure by providing a safer, more hygienic, and sustainable solution for door operation in public spaces.

This study presents the development of an innovative multifunctional cup holder designed to enhance safety, usability, and sustainability. Addressing common issues such as accidental spills, heat retention, and structural stability, the proposed design incorporates adjustable fixation and heating functionalities. The research applies a systematic design approach, applying the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) methodology to resolve design contradictions and enhance product functionality. By integrating human factors considerations and universal design principles, the cup holder aims to improve user experience and accessibility. The design features a vacuum-based adjustable fixation system to prevent tipping, a controlled heating mechanism to maintain beverage temperature, and a shock-absorbing structure for enhanced durability. To evaluate whether the final design meets user expectations, a SERVQUAL questionnaire was used to collect user feedback, which was then analyzed using the Importance–Performance Analysis combined with the Kano model (IPA-Kano model). The results revealed an overall importance score of 4.347 and a satisfaction score of 3.943. Key strengths identified include reliable shock resistance, effective fixation, and ease of operation, while areas such as brand reputation and temperature control precision were found to require improvement due to their high importance but low performance. These insights confirm that the proposed design effectively enhances stability, thermal performance, and user convenience, while aligning with users’ expectations. By addressing critical functional and safety needs, this research advances the development of practical, user-centered innovations in everyday product design.

Background: Work-related stress affects both nursing care quality and workforce wellbeing, yet conventional self-report assessment is prone to recall bias and is unable to capture real-time fluctuations. This study used a consumer-grade wearable device to continuously monitor physiological stress and identify associated factors among clinical nurses. Methods: In this longitudinal observational study, 52 clinical nurses at a tertiary medical center located in Taiwan wore a Garmin Vivosmart 4 over a period of 90 consecutive days. The wearable-derived stress score (0–100), computed from heart rate variability, was then averaged to a daily mean per nurse. A multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) model identified independent predictors of daily mean stress. Results: Older age was associated with lower physiological stress (β = −0.55 per year of age; p = 0.001). Relative to day shift, night-shift work was associated with substantially lower stress (β = −11.97; p < 0.001), whereas evening shift work did not differ significantly from day shift work. Two or more shift changes monthly were associated with lower stress than a consistent schedule (β = −14.74; p = 0.002). A higher daily step count was associated with higher stress (β = 1.06 per 1000 steps/day; p < 0.001). Education, position, and department showed no significant association. Conclusions: Younger age, day shift work, a consistent schedule, and a higher daily step count were associated with higher scores on the wearable-derived physiological stress indicator. Wearable-based monitoring may offer a feasible, objective complement to traditional self-report assessment. Our findings require confirmation against validated self-report measures before informing occupational-health decisions.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted virus associated with several types of cancer. Because college students are a high-risk group, understanding their health literacy with regard to HPV prevention is critical. However, no suitable measurement tools are currently available for this purpose. Purpose: In this study, an HPV Prevention Health Literacy Scale (HPV-HLS) was developed, and its reliability and validity were assessed. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used, and the developed scale was validated on a sample of 372 college students from two universities in northern Taiwan and one university in central Taiwan. The initial scale comprised 49 items, developed from qualitative interviews and a literature review. After content validity assessment and item analysis, the scale was refined to 37 items. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with 150 participants, followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with 222 participants. Concurrent validity and internal consistency reliability were assessed. Data were collected from November 2021 to December 2022. Results: The results of the EFA revealed a two-factor model accounted for 60.30% of the total variation, and those of the CFA demonstrated favorable goodness-of-fit indices (GFI = .81, CFI = .92, TLI = .91, RMSEA = .07, and SRMR = .02). Moreover, the average variance extracted (AVE) for the two factors were .56 and .64, respectively, with corresponding composite reliability (CR) values of .96 and .93, indicating excellent convergent validity. Notably, the AVE surpassed the squared product-moment correlation of the corresponding factors, affirming good discriminant validity. The final iteration of the HPV-HLS comprised 21 items with two subscales: comprehension and evaluation of general information and seeking information from health care professionals. Concurrent validity was found between the proposed scale and the Mandarin Multidimensional Health Literacy Questionnaire ( r = .68, p < .001). The HPV-HLS demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .959). Conclusions/Implications for Future Practice: After rigorous psychometric testing, the newly developed HPV-HLS demonstrated excellent reliability and validity, establishing it as an objective tool for evaluating HPV prevention health literacy among college students. This HPV-HLS may be used by health care providers and educators to assess health literacy and evaluate the effectiveness of clinical interventions to prevent HPV infection.