The Suzhou mining area contains abundant coalbed methane resources. Analyzing the hydrochemical characteristics of formation and drainage water from coalbed methane wells is of considerable importance for the efficient extraction of coalbed methane. Using hydrochemical test data from formation water, produced water, and the main coal seam of four coalbed methane wells, this study systematically investigated the relationship between hydrogeochemical characteristics and drainage water from coalbed methane wells. The results indicate that the trace elements in the main coal seam were similar to those in the water samples from the coal-bearing Permian sandstone aquifer (CPSA), both of which showed elevated levels of Ba. The water samples from the fourth aquifer of the Cenozoic Era (Q4 aquifer) primarily underwent ion exchange between Na⁺ and K⁺ in the water and Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the formation minerals. The water samples from coalbed methane wells, CPSA, Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation limestone aquifer (CTFLA), and Ordovician limestone aquifer (OLA) primarily underwent ion exchange between Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the water and Na⁺ and K⁺ in the formation minerals.