This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
On the basis of daily precipitation and discharges recorded in 1974–2013 relations between precipitation and runoff in the Kłodzka Valley (KV) in south-western Poland were analyzed. The degree of synchronicity between them was determined using the bivariate Archimedean copulas. This study aims at identifying and then describe in a probabilistic way the precipitation and runoff relations in the area playing an important role in the formation of water resources, but also particularly exposed to flooding. It was found that isolines of the synchronous occurrence of precipitation and total runoff in the Nysa Kłodzka catchment controlled by gauge Kłodzko had a zonal distribution, with the synchronicity values decreasing from south-east to north-west of the study area. This proves that its eastern part is more hydrologically active, compared to the western part, and as such it determines the amount of water resources of the study area. The decrease in synchronicity is influenced by the type and spatial distribution of precipitation, the structure of water supply, and the geological structure of the study area. Moreover, probabilistic methods applied in this research differ from those used in previous research on the hydrology of KV, as we propose using the copula functions. The method presented can be used to evaluate the availability of water resources in areas playing a key role in their formation on different scales.
Adam Perz; Leszek Sobkowiak; Dariusz Wrzesiński. Probabilistic Approach to Precipitation-Runoff Relation in a Mountain Catchment: A Case Study of the Kłodzka Valley in Poland. Water 2021, 13, 1229 .
AMA StyleAdam Perz, Leszek Sobkowiak, Dariusz Wrzesiński. Probabilistic Approach to Precipitation-Runoff Relation in a Mountain Catchment: A Case Study of the Kłodzka Valley in Poland. Water. 2021; 13 (9):1229.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam Perz; Leszek Sobkowiak; Dariusz Wrzesiński. 2021. "Probabilistic Approach to Precipitation-Runoff Relation in a Mountain Catchment: A Case Study of the Kłodzka Valley in Poland." Water 13, no. 9: 1229.
The study applied the method of hydrological season identification in a time series of river total and base flows and in groundwater levels. The analysis covered a series of daily measurements from the period 2008–2017 in nine catchments located in different geographical regions of Poland. The basis of the classification of hydrological seasons, previously applied for river discharges only, was the transformation of the original variables into a series reflecting three statistical features estimated for single-name days of a year from a multiyear: average value, variation coefficient, and autocorrelation coefficient. New variables were standardized and after hierarchical clustering, every day of a year had a defined type, valorizing three features which refer to quantity, variability, and the stochastic nature of total and base river flow as well as groundwater stage. Finally, sequences of days were grouped into basic (homogenous) seasons of different types and transitional seasons including mixed types of days. Analysis indicated determinants of types, length, and frequency of identified hydrological seasons especially related to river regime, hydrogeological and hydrometeorological conditions as well as physiographical background were directly influenced by geographical location. Analysis of the co-occurrence of the same types of hydrological seasons allowed, in some catchments, periods of synchronic alimentation (groundwater and base flow, mainly in the cold half-year) and water shortages (all three components, mainly in the warm half-year) to be identified.
Przemysław Tomalski; Edmund Tomaszewski; Dariusz Wrzesiński; Leszek Sobkowiak. Relationships of Hydrological Seasons in Rivers and Groundwaters in Selected Catchments in Poland. Water 2021, 13, 250 .
AMA StylePrzemysław Tomalski, Edmund Tomaszewski, Dariusz Wrzesiński, Leszek Sobkowiak. Relationships of Hydrological Seasons in Rivers and Groundwaters in Selected Catchments in Poland. Water. 2021; 13 (3):250.
Chicago/Turabian StylePrzemysław Tomalski; Edmund Tomaszewski; Dariusz Wrzesiński; Leszek Sobkowiak. 2021. "Relationships of Hydrological Seasons in Rivers and Groundwaters in Selected Catchments in Poland." Water 13, no. 3: 250.
Based on daily flows recorded in the period 1971–2010, the synchronous occurrence of the annual (AMAXq), winter (WMAXq), and summer (SMAXq) maximum specific runoffs in 39 sub-catchments of the Warta River catchment (WRC) in Poland was analyzed. First, trends in the flows were detected using the non-parametric Mann–Kendall (M-K) test. Then, the degree of the synchronous and asynchronous occurrences of the maximum specific runoffs (MAXq) in respective sub-catchments in relation to the Gorzów Wielkopolski gauge closing the WRC was calculated. Finally, the reasons for the detected spatial and temporal differences were discussed. The study revealed a noticeable variability of the analyzed parameters. The highest synchronicity of AMAXq and WMAXq in relation to the closing Gorzów Wielkopolski gauge was revealed in the man-made Kościański and Mosiński canals and in the sub-catchments of the Noteć, Wełna, and lower Prosna rivers. While compared to AMAXq and WMAXq, the summer maxima showed relatively lower degrees of synchronicity, an increase in the synchronous occurrence of SMAXq in the southern part of WRC, and a decrease in its central part were identified. It was concluded that the stronger synchronicity of WMAXq resulted from the nival regime of the investigated rivers. Consequently, the annual maxima were most often associated with the winter half-year. The detected differences of synchronicity of the annual and seasonal runoffs are conditioned by climate, more specifically by the course of winter and resulting from it snow cover thickness, and also the amount and intensity of rainfall in summer.
Adam Perz; Leszek Sobkowiak; Dariusz Wrzesiński. Spatial Differentiation of the Maximum River Runoff Synchronicity in the Warta River Catchment, Poland. Water 2020, 12, 1782 .
AMA StyleAdam Perz, Leszek Sobkowiak, Dariusz Wrzesiński. Spatial Differentiation of the Maximum River Runoff Synchronicity in the Warta River Catchment, Poland. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1782.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam Perz; Leszek Sobkowiak; Dariusz Wrzesiński. 2020. "Spatial Differentiation of the Maximum River Runoff Synchronicity in the Warta River Catchment, Poland." Water 12, no. 6: 1782.
In this study, on the basis of the maximum and mean annual values of flows, dependencies between flows recorded in seven water gauges located in the upper part of the Indus River Basin (IRB) in Pakistan were analyzed. First, the non-parametric Mann–Kendall (M–K) test was used to detect trends in the flows. Next, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was applied. Then, the selected copulas were used to find joint distributions of the studied time series. In the next stage, the degrees of synchronous and asynchronous occurrence of, respectively, the annual maximum (AMAXF) and mean annual flows (MAF) were calculated. The study revealed that correlations between the flows in selected gauge stations were very strong and statistically significant. These results were confirmed by the synchronicity analysis carried out with the help of the copula functions. The highest relationship was detected in the case of gauges Besham Qila and Kachura on the Indus mainstream, while the lowest was detected in gauges Besham Qila and Naltar on the Naltar River. These findings can be of high practical value in the field of sustainable water resource management, including for flood protection, agricultural water supply, reservoir water storage, and hydropower generation in the IRB.
Leszek Sobkowiak; Adam Perz; Dariusz Wrzesiński; Muhammad Abrar Faiz. Estimation of the River Flow Synchronicity in the Upper Indus River Basin Using Copula Functions. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5122 .
AMA StyleLeszek Sobkowiak, Adam Perz, Dariusz Wrzesiński, Muhammad Abrar Faiz. Estimation of the River Flow Synchronicity in the Upper Indus River Basin Using Copula Functions. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):5122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeszek Sobkowiak; Adam Perz; Dariusz Wrzesiński; Muhammad Abrar Faiz. 2020. "Estimation of the River Flow Synchronicity in the Upper Indus River Basin Using Copula Functions." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5122.
Identification of river flow regime and its possible changes caused by natural factors or human activity is one of major issues in modern hydrology. In such studies different approaches and different indicators can be used. The aim of this study is to determine changes in flow regime of the largest river in Poland—the Vistula, using new, more objectified coefficients and indices, based on data recorded in 22 gauges on the Vistula mainstream and 38 gauges on its tributaries in the multi-year period 1971–2010. The paper consists of three main parts: in the first part, in order to recognize changes in the flow regime characteristics along the Vistula, data from gauges located on the river mainstream were analyzed with the help of the theory of entropy. In the second part gauging stations on the Vistula mainstream and its tributaries were grouped; values of the newly introduced pentadic Pardé’s coefficient of flow (discharge) (PPC) were taken as the grouping criterion. In the third part of the study a novel method of determining river regime characteristics was applied: through the recognition of the temporal structure of hydrological phenomena and their changes in the annual cycle sequences of hydrological periods (characteristic phases of the hydrological cycle) on the Vistula River mainstream and its tributaries were identified and their occurrence in the yearly cycle was discussed. Based on the detected changes of the 73-pentad Pardé’s coefficients of flow four main types of rivers were distinguished. Transformation of the flow regime was reflected in the identified different sequences of hydrological periods in the average annual cycle. It was found that while transformation of the Vistula River regime occurred along its whole course, the most frequent changes were detected in its upper, mountainous reaches, under the influence of the flow characteristics of its tributaries. This allowed the Vistula to be considered the allochthonous river. These findings are interesting not only from a theoretical point of view, but they also can be valuable to stakeholders in the field of the Vistula River basin water management and hydrological forecasting, including flood protection, which has recently become a matter of growing concern due to the observed effects of climate change and human impact.
Dariusz Wrzesiński; Leszek Sobkowiak. Transformation of the Flow Regime of a Large Allochthonous River in Central Europe—An Example of the Vistula River in Poland. Water 2020, 12, 507 .
AMA StyleDariusz Wrzesiński, Leszek Sobkowiak. Transformation of the Flow Regime of a Large Allochthonous River in Central Europe—An Example of the Vistula River in Poland. Water. 2020; 12 (2):507.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDariusz Wrzesiński; Leszek Sobkowiak. 2020. "Transformation of the Flow Regime of a Large Allochthonous River in Central Europe—An Example of the Vistula River in Poland." Water 12, no. 2: 507.
The purpose of this study is to find connections between the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation (NA THC), climate elements, such as cloud cover, precipitation, air temperature, sunshine duration, and relative humidity, and flow of rivers in Poland. The intensity of NA THC was characterized by the DG3L index, which was established to assess changes in the amount of heat transported by NA THC along with the transport of water to the Arctic. The paper explains and discusses the mechanism of impact of the NA THC changeability on the elements of the catchment water balance variability. The positive and negative phases of the DG3L index are strongly correlated with the heat anomalies in the upper layer of the North Atlantic waters. The obtained results show that changes of NA THC have significant impact on weather conditions and selected climate elements in Poland. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the DG3L index and average annual air temperatures, particularly in April, July, and August, while negative between the DG3L index and the total cloud cover. Consequently, in the years with the positive values of the DG3L index, there are favorable conditions for the strong increase in evaporation and evapotranspiration from the ground surface. This has impact on flow of rivers in Poland, which shows considerable regional differences.
Dariusz Wrzesiński; Andrzej A. Marsz; Anna Styszyńska; Leszek Sobkowiak. Effect of the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation on Changes in Climatic Conditions and River Flow in Poland. Water 2019, 11, 1622 .
AMA StyleDariusz Wrzesiński, Andrzej A. Marsz, Anna Styszyńska, Leszek Sobkowiak. Effect of the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation on Changes in Climatic Conditions and River Flow in Poland. Water. 2019; 11 (8):1622.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDariusz Wrzesiński; Andrzej A. Marsz; Anna Styszyńska; Leszek Sobkowiak. 2019. "Effect of the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation on Changes in Climatic Conditions and River Flow in Poland." Water 11, no. 8: 1622.
The hydrology of coastal lakes differs significantly from that of inland water bodies due to the influence of the neighboring sea. Observed climatic changes are expected to enhance the effect of the sea on coastal lake ecosystems, which makes research on sea–lake interactions even more significant. In this study, on the basis of maximum annual and monthly values of water level, dependencies among the water levels of six lakes located along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in Poland, and the Baltic Sea water levels were analyzed. First, the Spearman rank correlation and the linear regression method were applied. Then, selected copulas were used to find joint distributions of the studied time series. In the next stage, the degrees of synchronous and asynchronous occurrences of maximum water levels in lakes and the sea were calculated. The study revealed that correlations between the maximum annual water levels in coastal lakes and in the Baltic Sea in the selected gauge stations were very strong and statistically significant. These results were confirmed by a synchronicity analysis carried out with the help of a copula function. The highest relationship was detected in the case of Lake Resko Przymorskie (correlation coefficient 0.86, synchronicity 75.18%), while the lowest were observed in Lakes Jamno (0.62 and 58.20%, respectively) and Bukowo (0.60 and 56.82%, respectively). The relation strength between maximum water levels of the sea and coastal lakes may increase in the future due to sea level rises caused by climate warming.
Katarzyna Plewa; Adam Perz; Dariusz Wrzesiński; Leszek Sobkowiak. Probabilistic Assessment of Correlations of Water Levels in Polish Coastal Lakes with Sea Water Level with the Application of Archimedean Copulas. Water 2019, 11, 1292 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Plewa, Adam Perz, Dariusz Wrzesiński, Leszek Sobkowiak. Probabilistic Assessment of Correlations of Water Levels in Polish Coastal Lakes with Sea Water Level with the Application of Archimedean Copulas. Water. 2019; 11 (6):1292.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Plewa; Adam Perz; Dariusz Wrzesiński; Leszek Sobkowiak. 2019. "Probabilistic Assessment of Correlations of Water Levels in Polish Coastal Lakes with Sea Water Level with the Application of Archimedean Copulas." Water 11, no. 6: 1292.
Based on the meteorological data from 46 stations in the Hai River Basin (HRB) from 1961–2010, the annual and seasonal variation of reference evapotranspiration was analyzed. The sensitivity coefficients combined with the detrend method were used to discuss the dominant factor affecting the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The obtained results indicate that the annual reference evapotranspiration is dominated by the decreasing trends at the confidence level of 95% in the southern and eastern parts of the HRB. The sensitivity order of climatic variables to ETo from strong to weak is: relativity humidity, temperature, shortwave radiation and wind speed, respectively. However, comprehensively considering the sensitivity and its variation strength, the detrend analysis indicates that the decreasing trends of ETo in eastern and southern HRB may be caused mainly by the decreasing wind speed and shortwave radiation. As for the relationship between human activity and the trend of ETo, we found that ETo decreased more significantly on the plains than in the mountains. By contrast, the population density increased more considerably from 2000 to 2010 on the plains than in the mountains. Therefore, in this paper, the correlation of the spatial variation pattern between ETo and population was further analyzed. The spatial correlation coefficient between population and the trend of ETo is −0.132, while the spatial correlation coefficient between the trend of ETo and elevation, temperature, shortwave radiation and wind speed is 0.667, 0.668, 0.749 and 0.416, respectively. This suggests that human activity has a certain influence on the spatial variation of ETo, while natural factors play a decisive role in the spatial variation of reference evapotranspiration in this area.
Lingling Zhao; Jun Xia; Leszek Sobkowiak; Zongli Li; Their Attribution. Climatic Characteristics of Reference Evapotranspiration in the Hai River Basin and Their Attribution. Water 2014, 6, 1482 -1499.
AMA StyleLingling Zhao, Jun Xia, Leszek Sobkowiak, Zongli Li, Their Attribution. Climatic Characteristics of Reference Evapotranspiration in the Hai River Basin and Their Attribution. Water. 2014; 6 (6):1482-1499.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLingling Zhao; Jun Xia; Leszek Sobkowiak; Zongli Li; Their Attribution. 2014. "Climatic Characteristics of Reference Evapotranspiration in the Hai River Basin and Their Attribution." Water 6, no. 6: 1482-1499.
Pollution of rivers caused by human activity is a widely discussed problem, however there is not much attention paid to the changes of water quality that result from the inflow of effluent discharged from fish breeding ponds. The paper presents results of studies on changes of the abiotic parameters (hydrochemical and hydrological) of water observed in the yearly cycle between 2004 and 2008 in selected rivers of Northwest Poland. It was proved that the fastest reaction on the inflow of the effluent discharged from the fish ponds was reflected in changes of biogenic and organic compounds in the river water. The largest, i.e. threefold (rivers Krąpiel and Tywa) or even fourfold (rivers Rurzyca and Stepnica) increase in nutrients and organic matter was recorded during the pond effluent discharge into the rivers. At that time values of the organic matter ranged from 8.9 to 18.3 mgO2/dm3 (BOD5), the nitrogen compounds from 16.868 to 26.930 mgN/dm3, while the phosphorus from 1.928 to 6.353 mgP/dm3. Interestingly, an additional dry mass of seston was recorded no earlier than the activity of the harmful element had been stopped and the river had resumed to the “initial” state (i.e. before the effluent discharge); that period varied from one to two months, depending on the river characteristics. The highest values of the dry seston mass (580.9 mg/dm3) was recorded in river Krąpiel in November 2006. It seems that in spite of remarkable influence on values of individual physical and chemical indices of the river water quality, the effluent discharge from the fish ponds is not a factor hampering the self-purification processes of the rivers.
Małgorzata Raczyńska; Sylwia Machula; Adam Choiński; Leszek Sobkowiak. Influence of the fish pond aquaculture effluent discharge on abiotic environmental factors of selected rivers in Northwest Poland. Acta Ecologica Sinica 2012, 32, 160 -164.
AMA StyleMałgorzata Raczyńska, Sylwia Machula, Adam Choiński, Leszek Sobkowiak. Influence of the fish pond aquaculture effluent discharge on abiotic environmental factors of selected rivers in Northwest Poland. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 2012; 32 (3):160-164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMałgorzata Raczyńska; Sylwia Machula; Adam Choiński; Leszek Sobkowiak. 2012. "Influence of the fish pond aquaculture effluent discharge on abiotic environmental factors of selected rivers in Northwest Poland." Acta Ecologica Sinica 32, no. 3: 160-164.