Background: Individuals receiving maintenance hemodialysis (HD) are at particularly high risk for cardiovascular disease. Although olive oil intake has been associated with cardiovascular benefits, the effects of stir-fried olive oil on erythrocyte membrane fatty acid (FA) composition in patients undergoing HD have not been adequately investigated. This study aimed to compare the effects of stir-fried and non-stir-fried olive oil on changes in erythrocyte membrane FA composition in patients undergoing HD.Methods: In this single-blind randomized trial, 31 patients undergoing HD received lunch meals containing extra virgin olive oil for 12 weeks. Meals were prepared using one of two methods: the olive oil was either used during stir-frying or added after cooking without heat exposure. Erythrocyte membrane FA profiles were assessed at baseline and after the 12-week intervention using gas chromatography.Results: A total of 27 participants completed the study. Overall caloric intake and animal-derived lipid intake did not differ between the groups. In the stir-fried olive oil group, erythrocyte membrane trans-oleic acid levels increased significantly after 12 weeks. In contrast, the non-stir-fried olive oil group showed significant increases in saturated FAs, including stearic acid, along with a higher arachidonic acid-to-eicosapentaenoic acid ratio and increased serum albumin levels.Conclusions: Stir-fried olive oil increased trans-oleic acid levels in erythrocyte membrane FA composition, whereas non-stir-fried olive oil improved serum albumin levels. These findings suggest that preparation methods may be as important as the oil itself, with non-stir-fried olive oil offering a potentially useful nutritional strategy for patients undergoing HD.

Background: Cardiovascular complications related to dyslipidemia are common in patients with chronic kidney disease, particularly among those undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Glucose-based PD solutions may contribute to metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance and altered lipid profiles. Elevated erythrocyte membrane oleic acid (OA) levels have been observed in PD patients compared with those on hemodialysis. This study compared the effects of icodextrin-based PD solutions on serum triglyceride and erythrocyte OA levels in PD patients. Methods: In this multicenter, open-label, randomized crossover trial, 22 PD patients were enrolled, and 15 completed all study phases. Participants received either glucose- or icodextrin-based PD solutions for 12 weeks, followed by a 12-week washout period and crossover to the alternate solution. Blood and erythrocyte membrane samples were analyzed for lipid profiles and fatty acid composition.Results: The mean age of participants was 63.6±9.5 years, and the mean PD duration was 10.8±5.9 months. Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Use of icodextrin-based PD solutions was associated with trends toward reductions in triglycerides (p=0.093) and erythrocyte membrane OA content, although these changes did not reach statistical significance. In contrast, prolonged use of glucose-based PD solutions led to significant increases in insulin (p<0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, OA (p=0.009), and monounsaturated fatty acid content.Conclusions: Extended use of glucose-based PD solutions may worsen metabolic profiles, whereas icodextrin-based solutions may provide metabolic benefits. Larger, long-term studies are warranted to confirm these findings. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02166359)

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) face a substantial cardiovascular burden, with altered erythrocyte membrane fatty acids (FAs) representing potential markers of adverse outcomes. However, comprehensive evaluations according to varying levels of kidney function remain limited. This retrospective pooled analysis evaluated the association between kidney function decline, erythrocyte FA profiles, and estimated enzymatic indices (surrogate product-to-precursor ratios) across eight distinct cohorts (N = 282: 33 healthy controls, 131 non-dialysis CKD, 118 end-stage kidney disease). Generalized linear mixed models accounted for inter-cohort heterogeneity with study source as a random intercept, adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, and serum albumin. With declining kidney function, erythrocyte membrane oleic acid exhibited a stepwise increase alongside an elevated elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 6 index, whereas linoleic acid and the stearoyl-CoA desaturase 18 index progressively decreased. Multivariable models confirmed that estimated glomerular filtration rate was an independent predictor of oleic (β = −0.012, 95% CI: −0.024 to −0.0003, p = 0.044) and linoleic (β = 0.016, 95% CI: 0.004 to 0.028, p = 0.012) acid levels. In conclusion, kidney dysfunction is independently associated with an altered membrane FA composition, characterized by an increase in monounsaturated FAs and a decline in essential polyunsaturated FAs. These findings suggest a potential link between declining kidney function and altered lipid metabolism, providing a basis for further studies exploring targeted nutritional interventions in CKD.

Background: Prediabetes affects a rapidly growing proportion of adults worldwide (IDF Diabetes Atlas 2024: 12.0% impaired glucose tolerance; 9.2% impaired fasting glucose). Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) offers a more granular window into glycemic patterns than intermittent testing, and its use in prediabetes research has grown substantially, but this literature has not been comprehensively mapped. Objective: To systematically map the extent, range, and nature of peer-reviewed literature on CGM use in adults with prediabetes, following a pre-registered protocol. Methods: PubMed was searched in June 2026 (436 records), followed by a supplementary Europe PMC and Scopus check in October 2026. After AI-assisted first-pass title/abstract screening (with post hoc human re-screening of random samples) and independent two-reviewer eligibility assessment against Population–Concept–Context criteria (adults 18 and older with prediabetes; any rtCGM/isCGM use; no design restriction), 44 PubMed studies were included. The supplementary search added 4, a post hoc re-screening audit reinstated 1, and 1 was excluded on closer verification, giving 48 included studies, all with extracted data. No meta-analysis or formal quality appraisal was performed; studies were narratively synthesized into five pre-specified categories. Results: Fifteen studies characterized CGM-derived glycemic metrics, showing graded worsening of glycemic control and variability across the normoglycemia–prediabetes–diabetes continuum. Twenty-nine studies evaluated CGM-guided interventions, which produced CGM-detectable improvements in glycemic variability or time-in-range that did not consistently translate into significant HbA1c or fasting glucose change. Three studies addressed screening/diagnosis, including a large cohort (n=8,315) in which single-timepoint fasting glucose resulted in different glycemic classification when repeated CGM-derived measurements were considered. One study addressed broader metabolic/complication risk, and none addressed CGM-based prediction of progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: CGM provides a more granular, continuous picture of glycemic dysregulation in prediabetes than intermittent testing. Interventions used CGM either as a real-time feedback tool or as a blinded outcome measure of non-CGM interventions, with CGM-detectable glycemic improvement in both, though durable biomarker translation remains inconsistent. CGM-based prediction of progression to diabetes is an unaddressed evidence gap; CGM’s role in screening/diagnosis and complication-risk assessment also warrants more research. Systematic review registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/QSXK9 , identifier 10.17605/OSF.IO/QSXK9.