This study explores the relationship and mechanism between traditional village distribution and human settlement suitability in Hunan Province. Based on village distribution data and a human settlement evaluation system, spatial analysis and the LISA model are used to analyze spatial correlation and influencing patterns. Results show that (1) Traditional village density is significantly negatively correlated with human settlement suitability. (2) L-H and H-L agglomerations dominate the region, with L-H clusters in central-northern plains and valleys and H-L clusters in western mountainous areas. (3) Human settlement factors show strong spatial heterogeneity, with natural factors varying regionally and human factors reflecting moderate adaptation. This study reveals the adaptive logic of traditional villages to natural and human environments, enriches relevant theories, and provides targeted guidance for classified protection of traditional villages and human settlement optimization.