Marker-based motion capture systems are considered the gold standard for biomechanical analysis of movements associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk; however, their cost and technical requirements limit their use for large-scale athlete screening. Markerless motion capture has emerged as a potential alternative, using pose estimation algorithms or depth cameras to quantify movement without reflective markers. This systematic review evaluated the accuracy and validity of markerless motion capture systems for measuring lower-limb kinematics during jump-landing tasks commonly used in ACL injury screening. MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from 1990 to March 2025 for studies comparing markerless and marker-based systems in healthy participants. Extracted outcomes included Bland-Altman plots, root mean square error, mean absolute error, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, coefficient of multiple correlation, and intraclass correlation coefficient. Across studies, markerless systems demonstrated moderate to high validity for several lower-limb kinematic measures, particularly in the sagittal plane, although validity varied across joints, movement phases, and task complexity. These findings suggest markerless motion capture shows potential for biomechanical assessment in ACL injury screening, but further validation is required before widespread implementation.

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) is a rare congenital anomaly requiring early surgical correction. Despite improved survival, long-term respiratory morbidity remains significant and under-characterised. This review aimed to evaluate the prevalence and nature of respiratory complications following TOF repair in paediatrics. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Six databases were searched (2004-2025). Eligible studies reported respiratory outcomes following complete TOF repair in paediatric populations. Screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal were performed independently by two reviewers. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated. Twenty studies (n = 2,214) were included, predominantly retrospective observational studies with heterogeneous outcome definitions. Respiratory morbidity was consistently reported. The highest pooled prevalence estimates were recurrent cough (57.2%), pneumonia/LRTI (50.08%), and airway malacia (40.62%). Bronchiectasis (11.96%) and atelectasis (20.78%) were less frequent. Respiratory morbidity post-TOF repair is common and multifactorial, highlighting the need for structured, multidisciplinary long-term follow-up and improved standardisation in future research.