In this study, a new series of (E)-4-((2-(2-(4-amino-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acetyl)hydrazono)methyl)phenyl 4-halogenobenzenesulfonates (3a–3d), where 3a = F, 3b = Cl, 3c = Br, and 3d = I, were successfully synthesized via a straightforward synthetic route. The structures of the obtained compounds were fully characterized and confirmed by spectroscopic techniques, including FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR, as well as LC-MS/MS analysis. 1,2,4-triazole-based hydrazone derivatives (3a–3d) were investigated using IR and NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Intermolecular interactions, HOMO-LUMO, dipole moment, polarization, first-order hyperpolarizability, and molecular electrostatic potential studies on the molecules were examined. The HOMO and LUMO energy gap study supports the charge transfer probability in the molecules. These were conducted to investigate the reactivity and stability of heterocyclic molecules in bioactivity analysis. Electron density mapping within the molecular electrostatic potential plot and electrostatic potential representation within the iso-surface plot evaluated the concept of charge distribution in the molecule as nucleophilic reactions and electrophilic regions. The predicted nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the molecules are much greater than those of urea. The results obtained from these investigations collectively provide evidence that the molecules possess nonlinear optical applications. Novel triazole–hydrazone-functionalized aryl sulfonate derivatives (3a–3d) were evaluated for their anticancer potential against a panel of brain and non-brain cancer cell lines. Compound 3b exhibited the most favorable overall biological profile, displaying potent activity against SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma (GI = 7.59 μM) and U87MG glioblastoma cells (GI = 13.85 μM), together with the lowest toxicity toward normal FL fibroblasts (GI = 62.02 μM). Compounds 3c and 3d demonstrated remarkable potency against IDHmut-U87 glioma cells (GI = 3.87 and 3.27 μM, respectively), although their selectivity toward cancer cells was limited. DNA degradation studies revealed substantial fragmentation, particularly in C6 and SH-SY5Y cells, while migration assays indicated reduced cellular motility. Molecular docking studies identified compound 3b as the strongest PI3Kα binder, supporting a possible. In addition, the antimicrobial activities of compounds 3a–3d were evaluated against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as Candida species using the broth microdilution method. The compounds exhibited measurable antimicrobial effects with MIC values ranging from 156 to 625 µg/mL, showing moderate growth inhibition against the tested microorganisms. Although the observed activity was lower than that of the reference antimicrobial agents, the results indicate that these triazole–hydrazone derivatives possess a detectable level of antimicrobial activity and provide a basis for further structural optimization. Collectively, the results suggest that compound 3b represents the most promising lead structure due to its balanced combination of potency, selectivity, and predicted target engagement. Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding potential of newly synthesized triazole derivatives (3a–3d) against PI3Kα. The docking protocol was validated by re-docking alpelisib, yielding an RMSD of 0.64 Å. Among the tested compounds, 3b showed the most favorable binding energy (−9.94 kcal/mol) and estimated Ki value (52.13 nM), consistent with its superior in vitro activity. Its interactions with key PI3Kα residues, including Val851, Ser854, Met922, and Asp933, support a stable binding mode within the ATP-binding pocket. In silico ADME and toxicity analyses suggested acceptable drug-likeness characteristics, absence of major hepatotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic liabilities, and moderate predicted acute toxicity profiles. These findings suggest that 3b is the most promising derivative for further validation.

Highland soil environments represent ecologically dynamic habitats that may harbor metabolically versatile and pigment-producing microorganisms with potential biotechnological value. During the isolation of pigment-producing bacteria from Fol Yaylası (Trabzon, Türkiye), a pink-pigmented strain, designated FMA31^T, was obtained and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Based on EzBioCloud analysis, strain FMA31^T was assigned to the genus Pedobacter and showed the highest 16 S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Pedobacter humicola JCM 31,010^T (99.12%), whereas similarities to all other species remained below the 98.65% threshold. Phylogenomic analyses, together with ANI (82.45%), AAI (88.93%), and dDDH (36%) values, clearly demonstrated that strain FMA31^T is genomically distinct from its closest phylogenetic relative, Pedobacter humicola JCM 31,010 ^T. Strain FMA31^T is Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and forms stable pink-pigmented colonies. The major fatty acid is summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), and the predominant respiratory quinone is MK-7. The draft genome (6.13 Mb; 39.22% G + C; 5,280 CDSs) revealed a metabolically versatile organism with diverse carbohydrate-active enzymes and distinct secondary metabolite biosynthetic features. The crude pigment-enriched methanolic extract exhibited a characteristic absorption maximum at 480 nm, consistent with carotenoid-type compounds, and genome analysis identified key genes predicted to be involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Functional assays demonstrated antioxidant activity as determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay (SC₅₀ = 2.03 mg dried crude pigment-enriched methanolic extract mL⁻¹;) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (5.32 µmol Trolox equivalents g⁻¹ dried crude pigment-enriched methanolic extract), as well as concentration-dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (IC₅₀ = 986 µg dried crude pigment-enriched methanolic extract mL⁻¹) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC₅₀ = 779 µg dried crude pigment-enriched methanolic extract mL⁻¹), with a relatively stronger effect observed against the latter. Taken together, these findings support the proposal of Pedobacter folensis sp. nov. with FMA31^T as the type strain. The results also highlight highland soils as promising sources of pigment-producing bacteria with potential antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory properties.

In vitro and in silico DNA binding and cleavage activity and the antidiabetic activity of synthesized and characterized 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-tetrakis-[(N-methyl-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)oxy)phthalocyaninato]zinc(ii) iodide were investigated.

This study provides a comprehensive characterization of 23 Turkish honey samples through an integrated approach involving melissopalynological, chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial analyses. Fourteen phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC, while total phenolic content (TPC), FRAP, and DPPH radical-scavenging assays were used to assess antioxidant-related properties. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against six pathogenic microorganisms using minimum inhibitory concentration values. To explore multivariate patterns, the dataset was standardized using Z-score normalization and subjected to two-way hierarchical clustering using Euclidean distance and average linkage, visualized through a Viridis-scaled heatmap. The integrated analysis revealed distinct sample groupings and co-distribution patterns among phenolic constituents, antioxidant-related parameters, and antimicrobial MIC profiles, demonstrating substantial compositional and bioactivity heterogeneity among the studied honeys. Overall, this integrated approach provides a robust framework for characterizing Turkish honey diversity and underscores the importance of botanical origin in shaping phenolic composition and bioactivity.