To evaluate the near reflex components, including accommodation, convergence, and binocular fusional vergences in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). MS patients under 35 years of age without visual evoked potential (VEP) abnormalities (MS Group) and age-matched healthy individuals of (Control Group) were included in the study. Fusional vergence amplitudes, the amplitude of accommodation (AA), stereopsis measurements, near-object fixation and near point of convergence (NPC) measurements, Convergence Insufficiency Symptoms Survey (CISS) results, and the presence of nystagmus were recorded retrospectively from the files of the cases. Statistical comparison was made between the groups. The mean age was 28.04 ± 3.7 years in the MS group (20 females, 4 males) and 27.16 ± 3.1 years in the control group (20 females, 5 males) (p = .763). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in stereopsis (p = .395), mean convergence (p = .666), and divergence amplitudes (p = .773) at a distance, and mean convergence and (p = .836) divergence amplitudes (p = .877) at near, and NPC measurements (p = .908). The mean AA was 5.31 ± 0.7 D in the MS group and 6.1 ± 0.8 D in the control group (p < .001). CISS results were lower in the control group (p < .001). In addition, gaze-evoked nystagmus was statistically significantly higher in the MS group (p < .001). Compared to the healthy control group, MS patients under 35 who did not have optic neuritis had lower accommodation amplitude and more signs in favor of convergence insufficiency symptoms. In addition, gaze evoked nystagmus was observed at a higher rate in the MS group. These findings may guide us in understanding the asthenopia findings of MS patients without optic neuritis.

Aims: To investigate the effects of phacoemulsification on subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and ganglion cell complex thickness (GCCT), using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods: This retrospective study included 40 eyes of 40 patients who underwent phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation for senile cataract. Preoperative examinations included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), and axial length (AL). Operative time (OT) and effective phaco time (EPT) were recorded. SFCT, GCCT, central macular thickness (CMT), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) were measured preoperatively and at 1 month using SD-OCT. Results: At one month postoperatively, all parameters showed statistically significant increases (p<0.001): SFCT (298.6±41.3 µm to 304.6±40.8 µm), GCCT (83.2±4.4 µm to 91.4±6.1 µm), CMT (244.6±16.6 µm to 248.3±17.4 µm), and pRNFLT (95.3±5.1 µm to 100.9±5.8 µm). No significant associations were found between changes in SFCT or GCCT and demographic or clinical factors. Conclusion: Phacoemulsification may induce mild inflammatory changes that affect posterior segment structures, even in uneventful cases. SFCT, GCCT, CMT, and pRNFLT should therefore be re-evaluated postoperatively to establish new baselines for accurate monitoring. Larger, long-term studies are warranted to clarify the clinical relevance of these changes.

Purpose: To evaluate subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) in eyes with clinically significant pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) and compare it with the contralateral pseudophakic eyes that underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery within a similar postoperative period using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Methods: This retrospective observational study included 25 patients with clinically significant PCME following uneventful phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. The control group consisted of contralateral pseudophakic eyes that had undergone uncomplicated cataract surgery within one month of the affected eye and did not develop PCME. SCT and central macular thickness (CMT) were measured using spectral-domain OCT with EDI mode. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), age, and sex were recorded. Paired comparisons were performed between PCME eyes and pseudophakic fellow eyes to minimize the confounding effect of surgery-related choroidal changes. Results: The mean age of the patients was 66.13 ± 5.44 years (range, 59– 77). 14 (56%) were male and 11 (44%) were female. The mean interval between cataract surgery and PCME diagnosis was 6.2 ± 1.6 weeks. The mean CMT was significantly higher in PCME eyes (458.20 ± 92.30 μm) compared with pseudophakic fellow eyes (235.66 ± 28.43 μm, p < 0.001). The mean SCT was 297.27 ± 24.52 μm in PCME eyes and 289.41 ± 22.16 μm in pseudophakic fellow eyes. Although SCT was numerically greater in PCME eyes, the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.18). Conclusion: SCT was slightly higher in eyes with PCME compared to contralateral pseudophakic eyes operated within a similar postoperative period; however, the difference was not statistically significant, which may partly be related to the limited sample size. These findings suggest that choroidal thickening observed in PCME may largely reflect postoperative inflammatory changes rather than a disease-specific choroidal mechanism.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are autoimmune demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system. Although both share clinica...