In this article, we analyze the relationship between agricultural support measures and food import dependency for a 52-country sample from 1985 to 2017 using databases from the World Bank, the Center for Systemic Peace, and the Groningen Center for Growth and Development. Using an instrumental variable framework, we apply a continuous treatment effect and control for endogeneity to describe the extent of food import dependency in response to domestic support for agriculture. Our results suggest heterogeneous associations for aggregate food import dependency at different levels of political aid intensity, while our analysis further reveals nonlinear dose–response patterns, suggesting that moderate levels of agricultural support are associated with lower food import dependency, whereas very high support intensities are not systematically associated with additional reductions. Although estimates of dose–response functions confirm that countries providing moderate support to agriculture tend to exhibit lower levels of agri-food import dependency, these findings should nevertheless be interpreted cautiously given the potential limitations regarding instrument validity and data availability. The primary contribution of our study is the explicit modeling of heterogeneous treatment intensity effects and potential endogeneity. These findings should therefore be interpreted as conditional empirical associations rather than definitive causal effects.

This article analyzes the impact of agricultural support measures on food import dependency for a 52-country sample from 1985 to 2017 using databases from the World Bank, the Center for Systemic Peace and the Groningen Center for Growth and Development. We apply a continuous treatment effect and control for endogeneity to describe the extent of food import dependency in response to domestic support for agriculture. Our results show strong evidence of heterogeneous impacts on aggregate food import dependency at different levels of political aid intensity. Estimates of dose-response functions confirm that countries providing moderate support to agriculture tend to do better in reducing their use of agri-food imports.

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This study analyze the effects of foreign direct investment and net national savings on women's participation in economic opportunities in Burkina Faso over the period 1990–2024. It contributes to the literature by simultaneously examining the role of international capital and the mobilization of domestic financial resources in promoting women's economic participation. Methodologically, the study uses an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) linear model to estimate the effects of these variables. The results show that, in the long term, foreign direct investment has a positive, but statistically insignificant, effect on women's participation in economic opportunities, with an estimated coefficient of 0.482, while net national savings has a positive and statistically significant effect, with an estimated coefficient of 2.716. Furthermore, the interactions between foreign direct investment and institutional quality, on the one hand, and between net national savings and institutional quality, on the other, are positive and statistically significant, highlighting the crucial role of institutional quality in amplifying the effects of international and domestic capital. These results indicate that public policies should prioritize the mobilization of national savings, which has a significant effect on women's economic participation, direct foreign direct investment towards sectors that create jobs for women in order to increase its impact, and strengthen the quality of institutions to improve the efficiency of international and national capital.