This study proposes a multiscale electromagnetic method that combines far-field angular-domain analysis with local near-field imaging to detect damage in radar-absorbing coatings on aircraft surfaces. Using an intact state as a reference, continuous anomalous angular intervals and their principal anomalous azimuths are identified via robust statistical criteria, employing the electromagnetic scattering energy ratio (ESER), defined here as a normalized squared-field response ratio, and the azimuth difference factor. These angular characteristics, combined with target geometry and a predefined detection area, are used to determine the direction and azimuthal range of candidate near-field scanning windows. Subsequently, coherent back-projection is applied to the local near-field measurements. The centroid and equivalent electromagnetic dimensions of the differential response are estimated using complex differential imaging, multithreshold analysis, and squared-magnitude-weighted central second moments. Numerical analysis of a simplified aircraft-like model demonstrates angular-domain screening and local characterization of impact, coating loss and bulging. For the rectangular coating-loss simulation, the equivalent electromagnetic length and width deviate from the nominal side lengths by 8.6% and 2.3%, respectively. The corresponding experimental deviations for localized 1 cm × 1 cm coating loss on a coated conical specimen are 9.2% and 6.3%. These results support two-stage screening and local equivalent-scale extraction under the investigated geometry, material and reference-matching conditions.

In view of the advantage of cross-polarized inspection (CrPI) in microwave nondestructive testing (MNT), in this paper a dual-polarized narrow-beam antenna as the pivotal reflectometric sensor is systematically designed and realized particularly for enhancement of detection and imaging of subsurface defects in dielectric structures. The antenna is equipped with a compact asymmetric waveguide orthomode transducer, with Teflon used as the internal filling material, in an effort to reduce its size and narrow the beamwidth. The internal dimensions of the realized dual-polarized narrow-beam antenna are optimized via numerical simulations. Based on the optimal design parameters, the antenna is fabricated and assessed through experiments. The experimental results reveal that the fabricated antenna has better metric indicators in terms of a return loss better than 10 dB, isolation better than 40 dB in 30.0 GHz~36.0 GHz and half-power beamwidths below 36.9° at 36.0 GHz. In order to further affirm the applicability of the fabricated antenna for CrPI, an MNT system is established to perform two-dimensional scanning and imaging of back-surface volumetric defects in polyethylene specimens. Based on the image characteristics of CrPI, a flaw-recovery algorithm is proposed to retrieve the defect opening profile. The averaged contrast-to-noise ratio of the processed CrPI-based image is found to be approximately five times larger than that of the raw CrPI-based image and fourteen times bigger than that of the raw CoPI-based image. Experimental results have further indicated that the fabricated antenna is feasible for not only co-polarized inspection (CoPI) but for CrPI, which exhibits higher testing sensitivity and defect-image contrast than CoPI. In conjunction with the flaw-recovery algorithm, by utilizing the dual-polarized narrow-beam antenna with the better metric indicators for CrPI, the image quality of the back-surface flaws in polyethylene slabs can be effectively improved.