Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and climate change are interconnected global challenges that threaten human, animal, and environmental health. The World Health Organization has identified AMR as a major public health crisis, further intensified by climate-induced disruptions such as rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events. These environmental changes accelerate the spread and persistence of resistant pathogens across diverse ecosystems, complicating AMR containment efforts. Main body: This study explores the complex interplay between climate change and AMR, analyzing key drivers such as environmental contamination, intensive agricultural practices, urbanization, and population displacement. Climate variability enhances microbial adaptation, increases resistance gene transfer, and expands AMR hotspots in aquatic, terrestrial, and healthcare environments. Low- and middle-income countries are disproportionately affected due to inadequate infrastructure, limited healthcare access, and increased exposure to resistant pathogens. Effective mitigation and adaptation strategies include strengthening AMR surveillance, promoting sustainable farming practices, integrating climate-resilient healthcare systems, and aligning global policies under the One Health framework. Emerging technological solutions—including climate-resilient antibiotics, artificial intelligence-driven AMR prediction models, and advanced wastewater treatment technologies—offer promising pathways for intervention. Case studies from flood-prone regions, aquaculture industries, and climate-adaptive healthcare models illustrate successful AMR containment strategies. Short conclusion: Addressing AMR in the context of climate change requires interdisciplinary collaboration across scientific research, policy development, and technological innovation. A comprehensive and integrated approach, emphasizing global health strategies, sustainable resource management, and community engagement, is essential to mitigating AMR and advancing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat, compromising the effectiveness of essential medicines and endangering food security, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. The widespread misuse of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, particularly in intensive livestock production, has accelerated the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. While high-income countries have implemented regulatory measures to control antibiotic use, low- and middle-income countries continue to face challenges due to weak regulatory frameworks, inadequate access to diagnostics, and the limited availability of alternative treatments. Addressing antimicrobial resistance aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 3, which promotes good health and well-being, and Sustainable Development Goal 12, which emphasizes responsible consumption and production. Main body: Veterinary antibiotic stewardship plays a crucial role in mitigating antimicrobial resistance by promoting responsible antimicrobial use in livestock and companion animals without compromising productivity. Successful interventions, such as Denmark’s “Yellow Card” scheme and the Netherlands’ targeted reduction programs, demonstrate how stringent regulations, improved diagnostics, and alternative treatment strategies can significantly reduce antibiotic consumption. However, implementation remains difficult in low- and middle-income countries, where financial and technical barriers limit enforcement and surveillance efforts. The One Health framework provides a holistic strategy, integrating human, animal, and environmental health to address zoonotic transmission pathways and environmental reservoirs of resistance. Expanding surveillance networks, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and investing in research on alternatives—such as vaccines, probiotics, and phytochemicals—are essential for sustainable antimicrobial resistance control. Conclusion: Veterinary antibiotic stewardship is integral to combating antimicrobial resistance and achieving Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 12. The One Health framework strengthens cross-sectoral collaboration, ensuring that mitigation efforts account for human, animal, and environmental health. Moving forward, global policy harmonization, increased funding for alternative antimicrobial strategies, and capacity-building in resource-limited settings are essential to ensuring equitable access to stewardship interventions. Strengthening regulatory enforcement and promoting innovation in diagnostics and antimicrobial alternatives will be key to safeguarding public health and preserving the effectiveness of antibiotics for future generations.

Climate change is increasingly shaping the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne zoonotic bacteria, creating an urgent challenge at the intersection of human, animal, and environmental health. Rising temperatures, extreme rainfall, droughts, and flooding alter bacterial ecology, expand environmental resistomes, and drive greater antimicrobial use in livestock and aquaculture, thereby intensifying resistance in Salmonella , Campylobacter , Escherichia coli , Vibrio , and Listeria . Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face disproportionate risks, as climate variability interacts with weak surveillance systems, inadequate veterinary stewardship, and informal food markets to accelerate resistant infections. Evidence from LMIC case studies demonstrates how climate drivers exacerbate outbreaks and resistance trends; however, major gaps remain, including limited longitudinal surveillance, scarce genomic data, and the absence of climate-informed AMR risk models to guide interventions. This review highlights the need for integrated One Health strategies that combine climate-smart agriculture, strengthened food safety and WASH systems, robust genomic surveillance, and multisectoral governance aligned with global development goals. Without decisive and coordinated action, the convergence of climate change and AMR will deepen health inequities, undermine food security, and erode global progress toward sustainable health and development.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) disproportionately affects adolescent girls and young women (AGYW), who face a risk of infection up to three times higher than their male peers. SSA accounts for 65% of the global HIV burden, with Eastern and Southern Africa showing particularly high rates. The aim of this study was to examine the persistent gender disparities in HIV infections, focusing on the biological, social, and structural drivers of AGYW’s heightened vulnerability. Biological factors such as immature cervical development and hormonal influences intersect with social determinants, including gender inequality, cultural norms, and economic pressures. These factors reduce young women’s ability to negotiate safer sexual practices and increase reliance on transactional relationships with older partners. Despite initiatives such as determined, resilient, empowered, AIDS-free, mentored, and safe (DREAMS) and Education Plus, barriers such as stigma, gender-based violence, and limited access to youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services persist. Addressing these disparities requires multi-level, gender-responsive interventions that strengthen healthcare access, expand female-controlled prevention options, and promote education and economic empowerment. Closing the gender gap in HIV outcomes will demand sustained policy commitment and community engagement tailored to the needs of adolescent girls in SSA.

Veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods, including antimicrobials, anthelmintics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and hormonal agents, pose