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Paul V. Zimba
Center for Coastal Studies Texas A&M‐Corpus Christi University 6300 Ocean Dr Corpus Christi Texas78412 USA

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Regular article
Published: 17 January 2021 in Journal of Phycology
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To examine the impact of heterotrophic bacteria on microalgal physiology, we co‐cultured the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum with six bacterial strains to quantify bacteria‐mediated differences in algal biomass, total intracellular lipids, and for a subset, extracellular metabolite accumulation. A Marinobacter isolate significantly increased algal cell concentrations, dry biomass, and lipid content compared to axenic algal cultures. Two other bacterial strains from the Bacteroidetes order, of the genera Algoriphagus and Muricauda, significantly lowered P. tricornutum biomass, leading to overall decreased lipid accumulation. These three bacterial co‐cultures (one mutualistic, two competitive) were analyzed for extracellular metabolites via untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to compare against bacteria‐free cultures. Over 80% of the extracellular metabolites differentially abundant in at least one treatment were in higher concentrations in the axenic cultures, in agreement with the hypothesis that the co‐cultured bacteria incorporated algal‐derived organic compounds for growth. Furthermore, the extracellular metabolite profiles of the two growth‐inhibiting cultures were more similar to one another than the growth‐promoting co‐culture, linking metabolite patterns to ecological role. Our results show that algal‐bacterial interactions can influence the accumulation of intracellular lipids and extracellular metabolites, and suggest that utilization and accumulation of compounds outside the cell play a role in regulating microbial interactions.

ACS Style

Adam M. Chorazyczewski; I‐Shuo Huang; Hussain Abdulla; Xavier Mayali; Paul V. Zimba. The Influence of Bacteria on the Growth, Lipid Production, and Extracellular Metabolite Accumulation by Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 2021, 57, 931 -940.

AMA Style

Adam M. Chorazyczewski, I‐Shuo Huang, Hussain Abdulla, Xavier Mayali, Paul V. Zimba. The Influence of Bacteria on the Growth, Lipid Production, and Extracellular Metabolite Accumulation by Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology. 2021; 57 (3):931-940.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adam M. Chorazyczewski; I‐Shuo Huang; Hussain Abdulla; Xavier Mayali; Paul V. Zimba. 2021. "The Influence of Bacteria on the Growth, Lipid Production, and Extracellular Metabolite Accumulation by Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae)." Journal of Phycology 57, no. 3: 931-940.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2020 in Biology
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Aside from two samples collected nearly 50 years ago, little is known about the microbial composition of wind tidal flats in the hypersaline Laguna Madre, Texas. These mats account for ~42% of the lagoon’s area. These microbial communities were sampled at four locations that historically had mats in the Laguna Madre, including Laguna Madre Field Station (LMFS), Nighthawk Bay (NH), and two locations in Kenedy Ranch (KRN and KRS). Amplicon sequencing of 16S genes determined the presence of 51 prokaryotic phyla dominated by Bacteroidota, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Desulfobacteria, Firmicutes, Halobacteria, and Proteobacteria. The microbial community structure of NH and KR is significantly different to LMFS, in which Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria were most abundant. Twenty-three cyanobacterial taxa were identified via genomic analysis, whereas 45 cyanobacterial taxa were identified using morphological analysis, containing large filamentous forms on the surface, and smaller, motile filamentous and coccoid forms in subsurface mat layers. Sample sites were dominated by species in Oscillatoriaceae (i.e., Lyngbya) and Coleofasciculaceae (i.e., Coleofasciculus). Most cyanobacterial sequences (~35%) could not be assigned to any established taxa at the family/genus level, given the limited knowledge of hypersaline cyanobacteria. A total of 73 cyanobacterial bioactive metabolites were identified using ultra performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap MS analysis from these commu nities. Laguna Madre seems unique compared to other sabkhas in terms of its microbiology.

ACS Style

I.-Shuo Huang; Lee J. Pinnell; Jeffrey W. Turner; Hussain Abdulla; Lauren Boyd; Eric W. Linton; Paul V. Zimba. Preliminary Assessment of Microbial Community Structure of Wind-Tidal Flats in the Laguna Madre, Texas, USA. Biology 2020, 9, 183 .

AMA Style

I.-Shuo Huang, Lee J. Pinnell, Jeffrey W. Turner, Hussain Abdulla, Lauren Boyd, Eric W. Linton, Paul V. Zimba. Preliminary Assessment of Microbial Community Structure of Wind-Tidal Flats in the Laguna Madre, Texas, USA. Biology. 2020; 9 (8):183.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I.-Shuo Huang; Lee J. Pinnell; Jeffrey W. Turner; Hussain Abdulla; Lauren Boyd; Eric W. Linton; Paul V. Zimba. 2020. "Preliminary Assessment of Microbial Community Structure of Wind-Tidal Flats in the Laguna Madre, Texas, USA." Biology 9, no. 8: 183.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Journal of Applied and Natural Science
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Formation of metal ion adducts in mass spectrometry, particularly in electrospray ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS), is a nightmare scenario for an analyst dealing with quantitative analysis. We have studied in detail the metal adduct formation and concluded that the use of fluorinated alkanoic acids along with formic acid and volatile ammonium salts was extremely useful in suppressing metal adduct formation in positive ion mode of ESI-LC-MS. The extremely high electronegativity of fluorine atom and unique electrostatic nature of C—F bond coupled with stereo-electronic interactions with neighboring bonds or lone pairs enables the polyfluorinated alkanoic acids in trapping highly electropositive ions (Na+, K+) thereby letting proton do its job efficiently. Addition of formic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, heptafluorobutyric acid and ammonium acetate was found to be extremely effective in controlling metal ion adducts and producing [M+H]+ ions almost exclusively resulting in significant increase in the sensitivity. This technique has been successfully used in our laboratory for the estimation of targeted and nontargeted analysis of pesticides, marine toxins, drugs and pharmaceuticals etc. in various matrices including environmental waters using liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometer operated in all ion acquisition mode and triple quadruples (QQQ) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode.

ACS Style

Padma Marwah; Ashok K. Marwah; Paul Zimba. Controlling formation of metal ion adducts and enhancing sensitivity in Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 2020, 12, 180 -192.

AMA Style

Padma Marwah, Ashok K. Marwah, Paul Zimba. Controlling formation of metal ion adducts and enhancing sensitivity in Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 2020; 12 (2):180-192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Padma Marwah; Ashok K. Marwah; Paul Zimba. 2020. "Controlling formation of metal ion adducts and enhancing sensitivity in Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 2: 180-192.

Article
Published: 18 May 2020 in Environmental Biology of Fishes
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In February 2017, a Microcystis aeruginosa bloom (maximum 55 μg L−1 chl a and microcystin concentration of 40 μg L−1) occurred in a freshwater pond in Padre Island National Seashore (PINS), TX, USA, causing mortality of migratory redhead ducks and local animals. To treat the pond without further damage to the ecosystem, we proposed the use of H2O2. A nomograph of H2O2 required for oxidizing different initial cyanobacterial biomass levels to achieve desired final microcystin and chl a concentration was developed. With a chl a concentration > 50 μg L−1, the nomograph predicted > 97% removal efficiency when 50 mg L−1 peroxide was used. Then, an outdoor mesocosm experiment with four treatment levels (0, 10, 50 mg L−1 H2O2 and 10 mg L−1 H2O2 with ultrasonication) was tested. In the mesocosm experiment, discrete samples were assessed for cell morphology, pigment, and microcystin toxin content (n = 3) at six different time intervals during the 48-h treatment period. Cell morphology was affected after 4-h exposure at 50 mg L−1 H2O2 treatment. Overall, > 75% of microcystin and > 80% of chl a were destroyed after 48-h exposure to 50 mg L−1 H2O2. The pond was treated with 10 mg L−1 H2O2 which reduced chl a by 60% and microcystin by 35% after 2 days. Control of the cyanobacterial bloom using H2O2 was effective in lab and mesocosm experiments, but the cyanobacterial bloom recovered at PINS 2 weeks after the treatment. The recovery resulted from an insufficient H2O2 addition, identifying a need to re-evaluate current protocols. Overall, no residual H2O2 were detected in any scales of treatment.

ACS Style

I. Shuo Huang; Paul V Zimba. Hydrogen peroxide, an ecofriendly remediation method for controlling Microcystis aeruginosa toxic blooms. Environmental Biology of Fishes 2020, 32, 1 -10.

AMA Style

I. Shuo Huang, Paul V Zimba. Hydrogen peroxide, an ecofriendly remediation method for controlling Microcystis aeruginosa toxic blooms. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2020; 32 (5):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I. Shuo Huang; Paul V Zimba. 2020. "Hydrogen peroxide, an ecofriendly remediation method for controlling Microcystis aeruginosa toxic blooms." Environmental Biology of Fishes 32, no. 5: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 04 February 2020 in Remote Sensing
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The quantification of impervious surface through remote sensing provides critical information for urban planning and environmental management. The acquisition of quality reference data and the selection of effective predictor variables are two factors that contribute to the low accuracies of impervious surface in urban remote sensing. A hybrid method was developed to improve the extraction of impervious surface from high-resolution aerial imagery. This method integrates ancillary datasets from OpenStreetMap, National Wetland Inventory, and National Cropland Data to generate training and validation samples in a semi-automatic manner, significantly reducing the effort of visual interpretation and manual labeling. Satellite-derived surface reflectance stability is incorporated to improve the separation of impervious surface from other land cover classes. This method was applied to 1-m National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery of three sites with different levels of land development and data availability. Results indicate improved extractions of impervious surface with user’s accuracies ranging from 69% to 90% and producer’s accuracies from 88% to 95%. The results were compared to the 30-m percent impervious surface data of the National Land Cover Database, demonstrating the potential of this method to validate and complement satellite-derived medium-resolution datasets of urban land cover and land use.

ACS Style

Hua Zhang; Steven M. Gorelick; Paul V. Zimba. Extracting Impervious Surface from Aerial Imagery Using Semi-Automatic Sampling and Spectral Stability. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 506 .

AMA Style

Hua Zhang, Steven M. Gorelick, Paul V. Zimba. Extracting Impervious Surface from Aerial Imagery Using Semi-Automatic Sampling and Spectral Stability. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (3):506.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hua Zhang; Steven M. Gorelick; Paul V. Zimba. 2020. "Extracting Impervious Surface from Aerial Imagery Using Semi-Automatic Sampling and Spectral Stability." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3: 506.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2019 in Toxins
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Lake Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada), the world’s 12th largest lake by area, is host to yearly cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cHABs) dominated by Aphanizomenon and Dolichospermum. cHABs in Lake Winnipeg are primarily a result of eutrophication but may be exacerbated by the recent introduction of dreissenid mussels. Through multiple methods to monitor the potential for toxin production in Lake Winnipeg in conjunction with environmental measures, this study defined the baseline composition of a Lake Winnipeg cHAB to measure potential changes because of dreissenid colonization. Surface water samples were collected in 2013 from 23 sites during summer and from 18 sites in fall. Genetic data and mass spectrometry cyanotoxin profiles identified microcystins (MC) as the most abundant cyanotoxin across all stations, with MC concentrations highest in the north basin. In the fall, mcyA genes were sequenced to determine which species had the potential to produce MCs, and 12 of the 18 sites were a mix of both Planktothrix and Microcystis. Current blooms in Lake Winnipeg produce low levels of MCs, but the capacity to produce cyanotoxins is widespread across both basins. If dreissenid mussels continue to colonize Lake Winnipeg, a shift in physicochemical properties of the lake because of faster water column clearance rates may yield more toxic blooms potentially dominated by microcystin producers.

ACS Style

Katelyn M. McKindles; Paul V. Zimba; Alexander S. Chiu; Susan B. Watson; Danielle B. Gutierrez; Judy Westrick; Hedy Kling; Timothy W. Davis. A Multiplex Analysis of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria in Lake Winnipeg during the 2013 Bloom Season. Toxins 2019, 11, 587 .

AMA Style

Katelyn M. McKindles, Paul V. Zimba, Alexander S. Chiu, Susan B. Watson, Danielle B. Gutierrez, Judy Westrick, Hedy Kling, Timothy W. Davis. A Multiplex Analysis of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria in Lake Winnipeg during the 2013 Bloom Season. Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):587.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katelyn M. McKindles; Paul V. Zimba; Alexander S. Chiu; Susan B. Watson; Danielle B. Gutierrez; Judy Westrick; Hedy Kling; Timothy W. Davis. 2019. "A Multiplex Analysis of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria in Lake Winnipeg during the 2013 Bloom Season." Toxins 11, no. 10: 587.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2019 in Remote Sensing
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The utilization of high-resolution aerial imagery such as the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) data is often hampered by a lack of methods for retrieving surface reflectance from digital numbers. This study developed a new relative radiometric correction method to retrieve 1 m surface reflectance from NAIP imagery. The advantage of this method lies in the adaptive identification of pseudoinvariant (PIV) pixels from a time series of Landsat images that can fully characterize the temporally spectral variations of land surface. The identified PIV pixels allow for an effective conversion of digital numbers to surface reflectance, as demonstrated through the validation at 150 sites across the contiguous United States. The results show substantial improvement in the agreement of NAIP-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values with Landsat-derived NDVI reference. Across the sites, root mean square error and mean absolute error were reduced from 0.37 ± 0.14 to 0.08 ± 0.07 and from 0.91 ± 0.64 to 0.18 ± 0.52, respectively. Over 70% PIV pixels on average were derived from vegetated areas, while water and developed areas together contributed 27% of the PIV pixels. As the NAIP program is continuing to generate new images across the country, the advantages of its high spatial resolution, national coverage, long time series, and regular revisits will make it an increasingly crucial data source for a variety of research and management applications. The proposed method could benefit many agricultural, hydrological, and urban studies that rely on NAIP imagery to quantify land surface patterns and dynamics. It could also be applied to improve the preprocessing of high-resolution aerial imagery in other countries.

ACS Style

Hua Zhang; Paul V. Zimba; Emmanuel U. Nzewi. A New Pseudoinvariant Near-Infrared Threshold Method for Relative Radiometric Correction of Aerial Imagery. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 1931 .

AMA Style

Hua Zhang, Paul V. Zimba, Emmanuel U. Nzewi. A New Pseudoinvariant Near-Infrared Threshold Method for Relative Radiometric Correction of Aerial Imagery. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (16):1931.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hua Zhang; Paul V. Zimba; Emmanuel U. Nzewi. 2019. "A New Pseudoinvariant Near-Infrared Threshold Method for Relative Radiometric Correction of Aerial Imagery." Remote Sensing 11, no. 16: 1931.

Journal article
Published: 05 April 2019 in Algal Research
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Microalgae have major functions in global biogeochemical cycles and are promising sources of renewable energy, yet the relationships between algal hosts and their associated microbiomes remain relatively underexplored. Understanding community organization of microalgal microbiomes, such as how algal species identity influences bacterial community structure, will aid in efforts to engineer more efficient phototrophic ecosystems. Here, we examined the community assembly of phycosphere-associated (attached) and free-living bacterial taxa associated with two marine microalgae: the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and eustigmatophyte Microchloropsis salina. Samples were collected from outdoor mesocosms, raceway ponds, and laboratory enrichments, and bacterial taxa identified by 16S rRNA gene sequences. In outdoor mesocosms, we found distinct bacterial taxa associated with each algal species, including the Cytophagaceae and Rhodobacteraceae families with P. tricornutum, and Rhodobacteraceae, Hyphomonadaceae, and Saprospiraceae with M. salina. Additionally, there were host-specific differences in the bacterial genera associated with the phycosphere, including Novosphingobium and Rhodopirellula with P. tricornutum, and Methylophaga and Dyadobacter with M. salina. Bacterial communities from outdoor monoalgal P. tricornutum and polyalgal P. tricornutum/M. salina samples were used as inocula for laboratory enrichments with axenic P. tricornutum. Here, similar bacterial communities emerged, suggesting that the algal host exerts substantial influence over bacterial community assembly. Further enrichments for phycosphere-association revealed differing outcomes of community assembly processes contingent on the initial community composition. Phycosphere-associated communities from monoalgal P. tricornutum mesocosms were highly similar to one another, suggesting deterministic processes, whereas cultures from mixed M. salina/P. tricornutum raceways followed two apparent paths differentiated by the stochastic loss of specific community members and convergence towards or further deviation from the monoalgal samples. These results demonstrate that algal-associated bacterial communities are controlled by algal host, culture conditions, and the initial inoculum composition of the algal microbiome, and this knowledge can inform the engineering of more productive algal systems.

ACS Style

Jeffrey A. Kimbrel; Ty Samo; Christopher Ward; Daniel Nilson; Michael P. Thelen; Anthony Siccardi; Paul Zimba; Todd W. Lane; Xavier Mayali. Host selection and stochastic effects influence bacterial community assembly on the microalgal phycosphere. Algal Research 2019, 40, 101489 .

AMA Style

Jeffrey A. Kimbrel, Ty Samo, Christopher Ward, Daniel Nilson, Michael P. Thelen, Anthony Siccardi, Paul Zimba, Todd W. Lane, Xavier Mayali. Host selection and stochastic effects influence bacterial community assembly on the microalgal phycosphere. Algal Research. 2019; 40 ():101489.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey A. Kimbrel; Ty Samo; Christopher Ward; Daniel Nilson; Michael P. Thelen; Anthony Siccardi; Paul Zimba; Todd W. Lane; Xavier Mayali. 2019. "Host selection and stochastic effects influence bacterial community assembly on the microalgal phycosphere." Algal Research 40, no. : 101489.

Review
Published: 22 February 2019 in Harmful Algae
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Cyanobacterial blooms occur when algal densities exceed baseline population concentrations. Cyanobacteria can produce a large number of secondary metabolites. Odorous metabolites affect the smell and flavor of aquatic animals, whereas bioactive metabolites cause a range of lethal and sub-lethal effects in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including humans. Herein, the bioactivity, chemistry, origin, and biosynthesis of these cyanobacterial secondary metabolites were reviewed. With recent revision of cyanobacterial taxonomy by Anagnostidis and Komárek as part of the Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa volumes 19(1–3), names of many cyanobacteria that produce bioactive compounds have changed, thereby confusing readers. The original and new nomenclature are included in this review to clarify the origins of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds. Due to structural similarity, the 157 known bioactive classes produced by cyanobacteria have been condensed to 55 classes. This review will provide a basis for more formal procedures to adopt a logical naming system. This review is needed for efficient management of water resources to understand, identify, and manage cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom impacts.

ACS Style

I-Shuo Huang; Paul Zimba. Cyanobacterial bioactive metabolites—A review of their chemistry and biology. Harmful Algae 2019, 83, 42 -94.

AMA Style

I-Shuo Huang, Paul Zimba. Cyanobacterial bioactive metabolites—A review of their chemistry and biology. Harmful Algae. 2019; 83 ():42-94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I-Shuo Huang; Paul Zimba. 2019. "Cyanobacterial bioactive metabolites—A review of their chemistry and biology." Harmful Algae 83, no. : 42-94.

Regular article
Published: 14 January 2019 in Journal of Phycology
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Pleurocapsales are one of the least known groups of cyanobacteria in terms of molecular systematics and biochemistry. Considering the high number of cryptic taxa within the Synechococcales and Oscillatoriales, it is likely that such taxa also occur in the Pleurocapsales. The new genus described in our research is the first known pleurocapsalean cryptic taxon. It produces off‐flavor and a large number of bioactive metabolites (n=38) some of which can be toxic including four known microcystins. Using a polyphasic approach, we propose the establishment of the genus Odorella with the new species O. benthonica from material originally isolated from the California Aqueduct near Los Angeles. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Sergei Shalygin; I-Shuo```` Huang; Elle H. Allen; Joann M. Burkholder; Paul V. Zimba. Odorella benthonicagen. & sp. nov. (Pleurocapsales, Cyanobacteria): an odor and prolific toxin producer isolated from a California aqueduct. Journal of Phycology 2019, 55, 509 -520.

AMA Style

Sergei Shalygin, I-Shuo```` Huang, Elle H. Allen, Joann M. Burkholder, Paul V. Zimba. Odorella benthonicagen. & sp. nov. (Pleurocapsales, Cyanobacteria): an odor and prolific toxin producer isolated from a California aqueduct. Journal of Phycology. 2019; 55 (3):509-520.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergei Shalygin; I-Shuo```` Huang; Elle H. Allen; Joann M. Burkholder; Paul V. Zimba. 2019. "Odorella benthonicagen. & sp. nov. (Pleurocapsales, Cyanobacteria): an odor and prolific toxin producer isolated from a California aqueduct." Journal of Phycology 55, no. 3: 509-520.

Articles
Published: 18 December 2018 in Journal of Applied Aquaculture
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Bivalves have exceptional potential as sentinel organisms because their sedentary benthic lifestyle and ability to pump large volumes of water in short periods of time results in bioaccumulation of pollutants and toxins present in the water column. Scope for Growth (SFG) is an instantaneous measure of production that ranges from maximum positive values under optimal conditions to negative valves when the organism is stressed and utilizing its body reserves for maintenance. We determined baseline SFG for the Texas bay scallop Argopecten irradians amplicostatus so that this species might be used to determine sublethal effects of toxins, contaminants, or other environmental stressors in light of recent harmful algal bloom events in the Gulf of Mexico. We also quantified the effects of different diets (phytoplankton, zooplankton, mixed phytoplankton/zooplankton) on Texas bay scallop SFG. SFG of starved animals was negative, indicating that body reserves were used for maintenance. SFG varied significantly (P < 0.001) by diet, with rotifers yielding the highest value (mean = 14.88 Joules hr−1g dry weight, SE = 0.72). We determined that the Texas bay scallop has presently unrecognized potential as sentinel organisms to define effects of various environmental and anthropogenic perturbations.

ACS Style

Lee A. Schoech; Rachel Fern; Kim Withers; Paul Zimba. Scope for growth of Texas Bay scallop Argopecten irradians amplicostatus. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 2018, 31, 140 -152.

AMA Style

Lee A. Schoech, Rachel Fern, Kim Withers, Paul Zimba. Scope for growth of Texas Bay scallop Argopecten irradians amplicostatus. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 2018; 31 (2):140-152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee A. Schoech; Rachel Fern; Kim Withers; Paul Zimba. 2018. "Scope for growth of Texas Bay scallop Argopecten irradians amplicostatus." Journal of Applied Aquaculture 31, no. 2: 140-152.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2018 in Journal of Coastal Research
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ACS Style

Hudson DeYoe; Joseph L. Kowalski; Gilbert H. Boza; Donald L. Hockaday; Paul V. Zimba. A Comparison of Salinity Effects from Hurricanes Dolly (2008) and Alex (2010) in a Texas Lagoon System. Journal of Coastal Research 2018, 34, 1429 -1438.

AMA Style

Hudson DeYoe, Joseph L. Kowalski, Gilbert H. Boza, Donald L. Hockaday, Paul V. Zimba. A Comparison of Salinity Effects from Hurricanes Dolly (2008) and Alex (2010) in a Texas Lagoon System. Journal of Coastal Research. 2018; 34 (6):1429-1438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hudson DeYoe; Joseph L. Kowalski; Gilbert H. Boza; Donald L. Hockaday; Paul V. Zimba. 2018. "A Comparison of Salinity Effects from Hurricanes Dolly (2008) and Alex (2010) in a Texas Lagoon System." Journal of Coastal Research 34, no. 6: 1429-1438.

Review article
Published: 28 October 2018 in Journal of Natural Products
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Cyanobufalins A–C (1–3), a new series of cardiotoxic steroids, have been discovered from cyanobacterial blooms in Buckeye Lake and Grand Lake St. Marys in Ohio. Compounds 1–3 contain distinctive structural features, including geminal methyl groups at C-4, a 7,8 double bond, and a C-16 chlorine substituent that distinguish them from plant- or animal-derived congeners. Despite these structural differences, the compounds are qualitatively identical to bufalin in their cytotoxic profiles versus cell lines in tissue culture and cardiac activity, as demonstrated in an impedance-based cellular assay conducted with IPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Cyanobufalins are nonselectively toxic to human cells in the single-digit nanomolar range and show stimulation of contractility in cardiomyocytes at sub-nanomolar concentrations. The estimated combined concentration of 1–3 in the environment is in the same nanomolar range, and consequently more precise quantitative analyses are recommended along with more detailed cardiotoxicity studies. This is the first time that cardioactive steroid toxins have been found associated with microorganisms in an aquatic environment. Several factors point to a microbial biosynthetic origin for the cyanobufalins.

ACS Style

Haiyin He; Matthew J. Bertin; Shibiao Wu; Paul G. Wahome; Kevin R. Beauchesne; Ross O. Youngs; Paul V. Zimba; Peter D. R. Moeller; Josep Sauri; Guy T. Carter. Cyanobufalins: Cardioactive Toxins from Cyanobacterial Blooms. Journal of Natural Products 2018, 81, 2576 -2581.

AMA Style

Haiyin He, Matthew J. Bertin, Shibiao Wu, Paul G. Wahome, Kevin R. Beauchesne, Ross O. Youngs, Paul V. Zimba, Peter D. R. Moeller, Josep Sauri, Guy T. Carter. Cyanobufalins: Cardioactive Toxins from Cyanobacterial Blooms. Journal of Natural Products. 2018; 81 (11):2576-2581.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haiyin He; Matthew J. Bertin; Shibiao Wu; Paul G. Wahome; Kevin R. Beauchesne; Ross O. Youngs; Paul V. Zimba; Peter D. R. Moeller; Josep Sauri; Guy T. Carter. 2018. "Cyanobufalins: Cardioactive Toxins from Cyanobacterial Blooms." Journal of Natural Products 81, no. 11: 2576-2581.

Original research article
Published: 26 July 2018 in Frontiers in Chemistry
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Members of the cyanobacterial genus Trichodesmium are well known for their substantial impact on nitrogen influx in ocean ecosystems and the enormous surface blooms they form in tropical and subtropical locations. However, the secondary metabolite composition of these complex environmental bloom events is not well known, nor the possibility of the production of potent toxins that have been observed in other bloom-forming marine and freshwater cyanobacteria species. In the present work, we aimed to characterize the metabolome of a Trichodesmium bloom utilizing MS/MS-based molecular networking. Furthermore, we integrated cytotoxicity assays in order to identify and ultimately isolate potential cyanotoxins from the bloom. These efforts led to the isolation and identification of several members of the smenamide family, including three new smenamide analogs (1–3) as well as the previously reported smenothiazole A-hybrid polyketide-peptide compounds. Two of these new smenamides possessed cytotoxicity to neuro-2A cells (1 and 3) and their presence elicits further questions as to their potential ecological roles. HPLC profiling and molecular networking of chromatography fractions from the bloom revealed an elaborate secondary metabolome, generating hypotheses with respect to the environmental role of these metabolites and the consistency of this chemical composition across genera, space and time.

ACS Style

Christopher W. Via; Evgenia Glukhov; Samuel Costa; Paul Zimba; Peter D. R. Moeller; William H. Gerwick; Matthew J. Bertin. The Metabolome of a Cyanobacterial Bloom Visualized by MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking Reveals New Neurotoxic Smenamide Analogs (C, D, and E). Frontiers in Chemistry 2018, 6, 316 .

AMA Style

Christopher W. Via, Evgenia Glukhov, Samuel Costa, Paul Zimba, Peter D. R. Moeller, William H. Gerwick, Matthew J. Bertin. The Metabolome of a Cyanobacterial Bloom Visualized by MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking Reveals New Neurotoxic Smenamide Analogs (C, D, and E). Frontiers in Chemistry. 2018; 6 ():316.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christopher W. Via; Evgenia Glukhov; Samuel Costa; Paul Zimba; Peter D. R. Moeller; William H. Gerwick; Matthew J. Bertin. 2018. "The Metabolome of a Cyanobacterial Bloom Visualized by MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking Reveals New Neurotoxic Smenamide Analogs (C, D, and E)." Frontiers in Chemistry 6, no. : 316.

Primary research paper
Published: 09 May 2018 in Hydrobiologia
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Over the past few decades, Lake Mead (Nevada-Arizona, USA) has experienced multiple ecosystem stressors including drought, increased water demand, and establishment of invasive species (quagga mussels, gizzard shad). Despite these potential stressors, zooplankton and phytoplankton community dynamics in the pelagic regions of Lake Mead have generally followed consistent seasonal patterns. Long-term monitoring results (2007–2015) show that zooplankton and phytoplankton communities remain relatively stable in Lake Mead on an inter-annual basis, but are susceptible to shifts caused by extreme climate fluctuations and alterations in mixing regimes. A warm winter characterized by low snowpack in 2014/2015 preceded a large bloom of toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa Kützing) in Las Vegas Bay the following summer. Large bloom events are rare in Lake Mead; however, under future climate scenarios, these types of events may become more frequent. Because of the consistency of plankton community dynamics over an extended period of time, Lake Mead offers an ideal system for the study of future climate change impacts. This study aims to characterize the response of plankton communities in Lake Mead to both linear and dynamic environmental changes.

ACS Style

John R. Beaver; Janet E. Kirsch; Claudia E. Tausz; Erin E. Samples; Thomas R. Renicker; Kyle C. Scotese; Heidi A. McMaster; Becky J. Blasius-Wert; Paul Zimba; Dale A. Casamatta. Long-term trends in seasonal plankton dynamics in Lake Mead (Nevada-Arizona, USA) and implications for climate change. Hydrobiologia 2018, 822, 85 -109.

AMA Style

John R. Beaver, Janet E. Kirsch, Claudia E. Tausz, Erin E. Samples, Thomas R. Renicker, Kyle C. Scotese, Heidi A. McMaster, Becky J. Blasius-Wert, Paul Zimba, Dale A. Casamatta. Long-term trends in seasonal plankton dynamics in Lake Mead (Nevada-Arizona, USA) and implications for climate change. Hydrobiologia. 2018; 822 (1):85-109.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John R. Beaver; Janet E. Kirsch; Claudia E. Tausz; Erin E. Samples; Thomas R. Renicker; Kyle C. Scotese; Heidi A. McMaster; Becky J. Blasius-Wert; Paul Zimba; Dale A. Casamatta. 2018. "Long-term trends in seasonal plankton dynamics in Lake Mead (Nevada-Arizona, USA) and implications for climate change." Hydrobiologia 822, no. 1: 85-109.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Harmful Algae
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Microcystis and Anabaena (Dolichospermum) are among the most toxic cyanobacterial genera and often succeed each other during harmful algal blooms. The role allelopathy plays in the succession of these genera is not fully understood. The allelopathic interactions of six strains of Microcystis and Anabaena under different nutrient conditions in co-culture and in culture-filtrate experiments were investigated. Microcystis strains significantly reduced the growth of Anabaena strains in mixed cultures with direct cell-to-cell contact and high nutrient levels. Cell-free filtrate from Microcystis cultures proved equally potent in suppressing the growth of nutrient replete Anabaena cultures while also significantly reducing anatoxin-a production. Allelopathic interactions between Microcystis and Anabaena were, however, partly dependent on ambient nutrient levels. Anabaena dominated under low N conditions and Microcystis dominated under nutrient replete and low P during which allelochemicals caused the complete suppression of nitrogen fixation by Anabaena and stimulated glutathione S-transferase activity. The microcystin content of Microcystis was lowered with decreasing N and the presence of Anabaena decreased it further under low P and high nutrient conditions. Collectively, these results indicate that strong allelopathic interactions between Microcystis and Anabaena are closely intertwined with the availability of nutrients and that allelopathy may contribute to the succession, nitrogen availability, and toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms.

ACS Style

Mathias A. Chia; Jennifer G. Jankowiak; Benjamin J. Kramer; Jennifer A. Goleski; I-Shuo```` Huang; Paul Zimba; Maria Do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira; Christopher J. Gobler. Succession and toxicity of Microcystis and Anabaena ( Dolichospermum ) blooms are controlled by nutrient-dependent allelopathic interactions. Harmful Algae 2018, 74, 67 -77.

AMA Style

Mathias A. Chia, Jennifer G. Jankowiak, Benjamin J. Kramer, Jennifer A. Goleski, I-Shuo```` Huang, Paul Zimba, Maria Do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira, Christopher J. Gobler. Succession and toxicity of Microcystis and Anabaena ( Dolichospermum ) blooms are controlled by nutrient-dependent allelopathic interactions. Harmful Algae. 2018; 74 ():67-77.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mathias A. Chia; Jennifer G. Jankowiak; Benjamin J. Kramer; Jennifer A. Goleski; I-Shuo```` Huang; Paul Zimba; Maria Do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira; Christopher J. Gobler. 2018. "Succession and toxicity of Microcystis and Anabaena ( Dolichospermum ) blooms are controlled by nutrient-dependent allelopathic interactions." Harmful Algae 74, no. : 67-77.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Journal of Wildlife Diseases
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On 16 September 2015, a red tide (Karenia brevis) bloom impacted coastal areas of Padre Island National Seashore Park, Texas, US. Two days later and about 0.9 km inland, 30–40 adult green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) were found dead after displaying tremors, weakness, labored breathing, and other signs of neurologic impairment. A rainstorm accompanied by high winds, rough surf, and high tides, which could have aerosolized brevetoxin, occurred on the morning of the mortality event. Frog carcasses were in good body condition but contained significant brevetoxin in tissues. Tissue brevetoxin was also found in two dead or dying spotted ground squirrels (Xerospermophilus spilosoma) and a coyote (Canis latrans) found in the area. Rainwater collected from the location of the mortality event contained brevetoxin. Green tree frog and ground squirrel mortality has not been previously attributed to brevetoxin exposure and such mortality suggested that inland toxin transport, possibly through aerosols, rainfall, or insects, may have important implications for coastal species.

ACS Style

Danielle E. Buttke; Alicia Walker; I-Shuo Huang; Leanne Flewelling; Julia Lankton; Anne E. Ballmann; Travis Clapp; James Lindsay; Paul V. Zimba. GREEN TREE FROG (HYLA CINEREA) AND GROUND SQUIRREL (XEROSPERMOPHILUS SPILOSOMA) MORTALITY ATTRIBUTED TO INLAND BREVETOXIN TRANSPORT AT PADRE ISLAND NATIONAL SEASHORE, TEXAS, USA, 2015. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2018, 54, 142 -146.

AMA Style

Danielle E. Buttke, Alicia Walker, I-Shuo Huang, Leanne Flewelling, Julia Lankton, Anne E. Ballmann, Travis Clapp, James Lindsay, Paul V. Zimba. GREEN TREE FROG (HYLA CINEREA) AND GROUND SQUIRREL (XEROSPERMOPHILUS SPILOSOMA) MORTALITY ATTRIBUTED TO INLAND BREVETOXIN TRANSPORT AT PADRE ISLAND NATIONAL SEASHORE, TEXAS, USA, 2015. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2018; 54 (1):142-146.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danielle E. Buttke; Alicia Walker; I-Shuo Huang; Leanne Flewelling; Julia Lankton; Anne E. Ballmann; Travis Clapp; James Lindsay; Paul V. Zimba. 2018. "GREEN TREE FROG (HYLA CINEREA) AND GROUND SQUIRREL (XEROSPERMOPHILUS SPILOSOMA) MORTALITY ATTRIBUTED TO INLAND BREVETOXIN TRANSPORT AT PADRE ISLAND NATIONAL SEASHORE, TEXAS, USA, 2015." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 54, no. 1: 142-146.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Journal of Hydrology
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Hua Zhang; Steven M. Gorelick; Paul Zimba; Xiaodong Zhang. A remote sensing method for estimating regional reservoir area and evaporative loss. Journal of Hydrology 2017, 555, 213 -227.

AMA Style

Hua Zhang, Steven M. Gorelick, Paul Zimba, Xiaodong Zhang. A remote sensing method for estimating regional reservoir area and evaporative loss. Journal of Hydrology. 2017; 555 ():213-227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hua Zhang; Steven M. Gorelick; Paul Zimba; Xiaodong Zhang. 2017. "A remote sensing method for estimating regional reservoir area and evaporative loss." Journal of Hydrology 555, no. : 213-227.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Oncotarget
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// April B. Cabang 1 , Keya De Mukhopadhyay 1 , Sarah Meyers 2 , Jay Morris 1 , Paul V. Zimba 3 and Michael J. Wargovich 1 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA 2 College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA 3 Center for Coastal Studies and Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M – Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA Correspondence to: Michael J. Wargovich, email: [email protected] Keywords: euglenophycin; colon cancer; ichthyotoxin; autophagy; therapy Received: August 16, 2017 Accepted: October 13, 2017 Published: November 01, 2017 ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and the 3 rd leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The emergence of drug resistance poses a major challenge in CRC care or treatment. This can be addressed by determining cancer mechanisms, discovery of druggable targets, and development of new drugs. In search for novel agents, aquatic microorganisms offer a vastly untapped pharmacological source that can be developed for cancer therapeutics. In this study, we characterized the anti-colorectal cancer potential of euglenophycin, a microalgal toxin from Euglena sanguinea . The toxin (49.1-114.6 μM) demonstrated cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, anti-clonogenic, and anti-migration effects against HCT116, HT29, and SW620 CRC cells. We identified G1 cell cycle arrest and cell type - dependent modulation of autophagy as mechanisms of growth inhibition. We validated euglenophycin’s anti-tumorigenic activity in vivo using CRL:Nu(NCr)Foxn1nu athymic nude mouse CRC xenograft models. Intraperitoneal toxin administration (100 mg/kg; 5 days) decreased HCT116 and HT29 xenograft tumor volumes (n=10 each). Tumor inhibition was associated with reduced expression of autophagy negative regulator mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and decreased trend of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines. Together, these results provide compelling evidence that euglenophycin can be a promising anti-colorectal cancer agent targeting multiple cancer-promoting processes. Furthermore, this study supports expanding natural products drug discovery to freshwater niches as prospective sources of anti-cancer compounds. April B. Cabang1, Keya De Mukhopadhyay1, Sarah Meyers2, Jay Morris1, Paul V. Zimba3 and Michael J. Wargovich1 1Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA 2College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA 3Center for Coastal Studies and Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M – Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA Correspondence to: Michael J. Wargovich, email: [email protected] Keywords: euglenophycin; colon cancer; ichthyotoxin; autophagy; therapy Received: August 16, 2017 Accepted: October 13, 2017 Published: November 01, 2017 ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and the 3rd leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The emergence of drug resistance poses a major challenge in CRC care or treatment. This can be addressed by determining cancer mechanisms, discovery of druggable targets, and development of new drugs. In search for novel agents, aquatic microorganisms offer a vastly untapped pharmacological source that can be developed for cancer therapeutics. In this study, we characterized the anti-colorectal cancer potential of euglenophycin, a microalgal toxin from Euglena sanguinea. The toxin (49.1-114.6 μM) demonstrated cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, anti-clonogenic, and anti-migration effects against HCT116, HT29, and SW620 CRC cells. We identified G1 cell cycle arrest and cell type - dependent modulation of autophagy as mechanisms of growth inhibition. We validated euglenophycin’s anti-tumorigenic activity in vivo using CRL:Nu(NCr)Foxn1nu athymic nude mouse CRC xenograft models. Intraperitoneal toxin administration (100 mg/kg; 5 days) decreased HCT116 and HT29 xenograft tumor volumes (n=10 each). Tumor inhibition was associated with reduced expression of autophagy negative regulator mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and decreased trend of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines. Together, these results provide compelling evidence that euglenophycin can be a promising anti-colorectal cancer agent targeting multiple cancer-promoting processes. Furthermore, this study supports expanding natural products drug discovery to freshwater niches as prospective sources of anti-cancer compounds.

ACS Style

April B. Cabang; Keya De Mukhopadhyay; Sarah Meyers; Jay Morris; Paul V. Zimba; Michael J. Wargovich. Therapeutic effects of the euglenoid ichthyotoxin, euglenophycin, in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 104347 -104358.

AMA Style

April B. Cabang, Keya De Mukhopadhyay, Sarah Meyers, Jay Morris, Paul V. Zimba, Michael J. Wargovich. Therapeutic effects of the euglenoid ichthyotoxin, euglenophycin, in colon cancer. Oncotarget. 2017; 8 (61):104347-104358.

Chicago/Turabian Style

April B. Cabang; Keya De Mukhopadhyay; Sarah Meyers; Jay Morris; Paul V. Zimba; Michael J. Wargovich. 2017. "Therapeutic effects of the euglenoid ichthyotoxin, euglenophycin, in colon cancer." Oncotarget 8, no. 61: 104347-104358.

Short communication
Published: 17 September 2017 in Tetrahedron Letters
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Mass spectrometry-guided isolation of the lipophilic extract of Trichodesmium bloom material led to the isolation and structure characterization of a new thiazole-containing di-chlorinated polyketide (1). The structure of 1 was deduced using 1D and 2D NMR analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis and complementary spectroscopic procedures. Trichothiazole A possesses interesting structural features, such as a terminal alkyne, two vinyl chlorides and a 2,4-disubstituted thiazole. Trichothiazole A showed moderate cytotoxicity to Neuro-2 A cells (EC50: 13.3 ± 1.1 μM).

ACS Style

Richard S. Belisle; Christopher W. Via; Tracey Schock; Tracy A. Villareal; Paul V. Zimba; Kevin R. Beauchesne; Peter D.R. Moeller; Matthew J. Bertin. Trichothiazole A, a dichlorinated polyketide containing an embedded thiazole isolated from Trichodesmium blooms. Tetrahedron Letters 2017, 58, 4066 -4068.

AMA Style

Richard S. Belisle, Christopher W. Via, Tracey Schock, Tracy A. Villareal, Paul V. Zimba, Kevin R. Beauchesne, Peter D.R. Moeller, Matthew J. Bertin. Trichothiazole A, a dichlorinated polyketide containing an embedded thiazole isolated from Trichodesmium blooms. Tetrahedron Letters. 2017; 58 (43):4066-4068.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard S. Belisle; Christopher W. Via; Tracey Schock; Tracy A. Villareal; Paul V. Zimba; Kevin R. Beauchesne; Peter D.R. Moeller; Matthew J. Bertin. 2017. "Trichothiazole A, a dichlorinated polyketide containing an embedded thiazole isolated from Trichodesmium blooms." Tetrahedron Letters 58, no. 43: 4066-4068.