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Family separation in rural China has led to a considerably large number of left-behind women who have to deal with livelihood fragility. The Department for International Development (DFID) framework focusing on households provides a base to understand the livelihood fragility of these women. Based on this framework and the existing field research, this study identifies that the national macro-strategy of unsynchronized development of industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization leads to a separated migration model for rural families. Furthermore, the process of social modernization increases the fragility risk of how the left-behind family functions. The traditional gender culture expectations also directly affect rural families to make the livelihood strategy choice of, “male working outside, female taking care of home”. Based on the above theoretical research, this study extracts the concept of “ritualized law” to shed light on gender differentiation and family separation. A number of formal social security institutions have been established to promote the development of farmers, however, the ingrained culture gender differentiation encourages men to work in the profitable urban industry while women work in the field of unpaid agriculture and shoulder the responsibility of housework. This makes the formal institution a symbolic ornament for left-behind women, while they are forced to stay in rural areas and suffer from the fragility of livelihood.
Chao Wang; Jiayi Tang. Ritualized Law and Livelihood Fragility of Left-Behind Women in Rural China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1 .
AMA StyleChao Wang, Jiayi Tang. Ritualized Law and Livelihood Fragility of Left-Behind Women in Rural China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Wang; Jiayi Tang. 2020. "Ritualized Law and Livelihood Fragility of Left-Behind Women in Rural China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 1.
In this study, we aimed to assess the geographic inequalities in access to improved water and sanitation facilities among Nepalese households. We conducted this study based on cross-sectional data obtained from Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys. The quality of water sources and sanitation were defined by World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The geographic categories used in the analyses included developmental region, ecological zone, and urbanicity. Percentages of households having access to improved toilet (5.6% in 1996 vs. 40.5% in 2016) and water (19.3% in 1996 vs. 27% in 2016) facilities has been increasing steadily since 1996 with a great proportion of the households still lacking access to these services. The number of households sharing the same toilet and traveling time to reach water sources have also decreased at the same time. Households in Far Western and Mountains had the lowest odds of having access to improved toilet and water facilities. Noticeable progress has been achieved in improving WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) coverage at national level, however, it is uneven across developmental and ecological zones. Households in the Far Western and Mountain regions appeared to be the most geographically disadvantaged in terms of having access to improved water and sanitation facilities.
Chao Wang; Jing Pan; Sanni Yaya; Ram Bilash Yadav; Dechao Yao. Geographic Inequalities in Accessing Improved Water and Sanitation Facilities in Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 1269 .
AMA StyleChao Wang, Jing Pan, Sanni Yaya, Ram Bilash Yadav, Dechao Yao. Geographic Inequalities in Accessing Improved Water and Sanitation Facilities in Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (7):1269.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Wang; Jing Pan; Sanni Yaya; Ram Bilash Yadav; Dechao Yao. 2019. "Geographic Inequalities in Accessing Improved Water and Sanitation Facilities in Nepal." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1269.
Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is a serious health concern especially among the elderly population and has significant bearing on health and quality of life. Not much is known about the relationship between chronic pain with self-reported health and quality of life among older populations in low-resource settings. Based on sub-national data from South Africa and Uganda, the present study aimed to explore whether the older population living with CMP report health and quality of life differently compared to those with no CMP complaints. This study was based on cross-sectional data on 1495 South African and Ugandan men and women collected from the SAGE Well-Being of Older People Study. Outcome variables were self-reported physical and mental health and quality of life (QoL). Mental health was assessed by self-reported depressive symptoms during the last 12 months. CMP was assessed by self-reported generalised pain as well as back pain. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to measure the association between health and QoL with CMP by adjusting for potential demographic and environmental confounders. The prevalence of poor self-rated health (61.2%, 95% CI = 51.7, 70.0), depression (37.2%, 95% CI = 34.8, 39.6) and QoL (80.5%, 95% CI = 70.8, 87.5) was considerably high in the study population. Mild/moderate and Severe/extreme generalised pain were reported respectively by 34.5% (95% CI = 28.9, 40.5) and 15.7% (95% CI = 12.2, 19.9) of the respondents, while back pain was reported by 53.3% (95% CI = 45.8, 60.4). The prevalence of both types was significantly higher among women than in men (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, both generalised pain and back pain significantly predicted poor health, depression and QoL, however, it varied between the two different populations. Back pain was associated with higher odds of poor self-rated health [OR = 1.813, 95% CI = 1.308, 2.512], depression [1.640, 95% CI = 1.425, 3.964] and poor QoL [1.505, 95% CI = 1.028, 2.202] in South Africa, but not in Uganda. Compared to having no generalised pain, having Mild/Moderate [OR = 2.309, 95% CI = 1.219, 7.438] and Severe/Extreme [OR = 2.271, 95% CI = 1.447, 4.143] generalised pain was associated with significantly higher odds of poor self-rated health in South Africa. An overwhelmingly high proportion of the sample population reported poor health, quality of life and depression. Among older individuals, health interventions that address CMP may help promote subjective health and quality and life and improve psychological health.
Chao Wang; Run Pu; Bishwajit Ghose; Shangfeng Tang. Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain, Self-Reported Health and Quality of Life among Older Populations in South Africa and Uganda. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 2806 .
AMA StyleChao Wang, Run Pu, Bishwajit Ghose, Shangfeng Tang. Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain, Self-Reported Health and Quality of Life among Older Populations in South Africa and Uganda. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (12):2806.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao Wang; Run Pu; Bishwajit Ghose; Shangfeng Tang. 2018. "Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain, Self-Reported Health and Quality of Life among Older Populations in South Africa and Uganda." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12: 2806.