Cryptochromes (CRYs), as essential blue-light photoreceptors, play pivotal roles in modulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. Although CRY-mediated light signaling has been extensively studied in model species, their functions remain limited in wheat. In this work, a comprehensive analysis of the TaCRY gene family was performed in wheat, identifying 12 TaCRY members localized to distinct chromosomes 2, 6, and 7. TaCRYs contain the conserved PHR and CCT domains and diverse gene structures. Collinearity relationships indicated their dynamic evolution patterns during polyploidization. Cis-acting elements of TaCRY members associated with light responsiveness, phytohormone signaling, and abiotic stress were also identified. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the differential expression patterns of TaCRY members under seed vigor process. This study expands our understanding of TaCRY diversity and provides valuable molecular information for marker-assisted selection in wheat improvement.

Heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins, commonly known as G proteins, act as core molecular switches in plant signal transduction, governing multiple biological processes including plant growth, development, phytohormone signaling, and abiotic stress adaptation. In this study, a total of 12 G-protein-related genes were identified in foxtail millet, consisting of six Gα subunit-encoding genes, one Gβ subunit-encoding gene, and five Gγ subunit-encoding genes. Gene structure and conserved motif analyses showed that members classified into the same subunit clade possessed highly conserved exon–intron organization and motif distribution, indicating evolutionary structural conservation within each G-protein subfamily. Promoter Cis-acting element analysis revealed that all G-protein family genes harbored light-responsive elements, as well as multiple regulatory elements associated with phytohormone signaling and abiotic stress responses. Transcriptome analysis showed that different G-protein genes exhibited distinct expression patterns under salt stress. Notably, SiαXLG2 exhibited drastically induced expression upon salt stress, which serves as a pivotal candidate gene for salt-stress response in foxtail millet. Collectively, this study provides a systematic characterization of the G-protein gene family and offers candidate gene resources for further elucidating G-protein-mediated salt-stress regulatory mechanisms in foxtail millet.