The management of wastewater generated by various sectors is a critical global challenge. Significant efforts have been made to ensure access to clean water and sanitation, facilitate the reuse of treated wastewater, and develop valuable products through the adoption of circular bioeconomy principles. Wastewater, a byproduct generated in substantial quantities across multiple industries, varies in composition depending on the type of industry and the specific applications for which the water was used. Wastewater from the agricultural and food industries is particularly rich in nutrients, making it a valuable substrate for microbial activity and the production of commercially significant products. This review highlights previous advancements in the utilization of agro-food wastewater for the generation of high-value products, thereby valorizing this abundant and readily available resource. Agro-food wastewater has been explored as a feedstock for the production of biofuels such as biogas, biohydrogen, and biodiesel. It has also been utilized in the development of biofertilizers to support agricultural productivity. Furthermore, it serves as a substrate for the production of single-cell protein and other protein-rich biomasses for human food supplementation and animal feed. In addition, agro-food wastewater exhibits significant potential for the synthesis of enzymes, fatty acids, and various other industrially relevant additives, underscoring its versatility and importance in sustainable industrial processes.

The increased global prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract that creates a substantial socioeconomic burden. Existing pharmacotherapeutic treatments primarily target inflammatory signaling cascades and have disadvantages because of the side effects of drugs, reduced long-term efficacy, and high cost, necessitating the development of safe and sustainable adjunctive therapies. This review synthesizes mechanistic advances regarding dietary polysaccharides as bioactive agents that may have the capacity to induce remodeling of inflamed gastrointestinal tract in colitis and could be an adjunctive strategy as functional food ingredients due to their various biological activities in the management of colitis. Polysaccharides alleviate colitis through several interconnected pathways. First, they correct the gut dysbiosis by enriching beneficial taxa such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia muciniphila. Second, fermentation of polysaccharides produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly butyrate, which serve as the primary energy source for colonocytes. Third, they restore intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction proteins such as ZO-1, occludin, and claudin, also performing pro-inflammatory cascade inhibition and elimination of oxidative stress via Nrf2/HO-1 activation The relationship between structural properties of polysaccharides based on molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and biological functions of chemically modified dietary polysaccharides in colitis is studied. Dietary polysaccharides are explored here not as replacements for pharmacotherapy but as potential adjunctive or functional food-based interventions that may complement existing treatments as safe, multitargeted, and cost-effective interventions in prevention or long-term management of colitis and IBD. This review presents dietary polysaccharides function not as passive dietary fibers but as bioactive, multi-targeted, structurally dependent agents capable of restoring intestinal homeostasis, suggesting them as potentially safe, adjunctive interventions.

Seed mucilage is a natural hydrophilic polysaccharide gel secreted by seed coat epidermal cells comprising xylan, pectin, glucomannan, and cellulose alongside minor proteins, minerals, and lipids, with its composition varying substantially across plant species. This review critically compares conventional and green extraction technologies, including ultrasound-, microwave-, enzyme-, and subcritical water-assisted extraction, on a seed-mass-normalized yield basis together with their solvent-to-seed ratios and processing times, showing that green technologies can reduce solvent consumption, energy use, and processing time relative to matched conventional controls, though the magnitude of these gains is method and species-specific rather than uniform. We synthesize how molecular weight, uronic acid content, branching pattern, and microfibril organization govern seed mucilage hydration, rheological, emulsifying, and foaming behavior, and link these structure–function relationships to its antioxidant, prebiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial bioactivities. Beyond functional characterization, this review evaluates the translational barriers, extraction standardization, safety and regulatory status, and clinical validation that currently limit seed mucilage adoption in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Unlike previous reviews focused on ecological function or application cataloging, this review uniquely reframes seed mucilage as a structurally programmable bioactive polysaccharide, integrating molecular architecture, green process intensification, and structure–function–application relationships to bridge fundamental chemistry with industrial translation.