An interactive multimedia-based e-module is an enhanced version of conventional modules incorporating information technology. It integrates navigation buttons and user instructions, enabling independent use by those at any location and time. This phenomenon facilitates the optimal implementation of learning in the digital literacy era. This study employed a quantitative design utilizing the pre-experimental design research method. It specifically utilized a one-shot case study research form to examine the effectiveness of learning. Additionally, it employed the correlation analysis method to investigate the relationship between student responses and learning outcomes. This effort is achieved by utilizing interactive multimedia-based e-modules focused on the topic of building space in elementary school. A total of 24 fifth-grade students were included as research subjects. Moreover, the employed instruments consisted of tests of learning outcomes and questionnaires. The research data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, the N-Gain, and the correlation test. The findings indicated that using interactive multimedia-based e-modules for teaching space-related content yielded significant positive effects on learning outcomes. The research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, N-Gain, and correlation tests. The findings revealed that: 1) the utilization of interactive multimedia-based E-Modules for teaching space-related content is quite effective, resulting in significant improvements in learning outcomes falling within the medium category; and 2) there exists a strong and close relationship between student responses to the implementation of interactive multimedia-based E-Modules and their learning outcomes in mathematics learning at the elementary school level.

Mobile learning (M-learning) has emerged as essential in reshaping global education by increasing accessibility, engagement, and readiness for the digital era. This study examines the implementation and impact of m-learning in various contexts, including Indonesia, the United States, Finland, Australia, and Africa. Findings show that m-learning initiatives have successfully reduced geographic and infrastructure barriers, particularly in remote and underserved areas. In Indonesia, m-learning has significantly improved educational access and digital literacy among students and educators. Likewise, m-learning has fostered personalised learning experiences and interactive educational environments in the United States and Finland, enriching student engagement and learning outcomes. Australia has leveraged M-learning to achieve educational equity by reaching remote communities, while in Africa, m-learning has driven innovative educational solutions despite challenges such as uneven technological infrastructure. However, there are still challenges to be faced, such as ensuring fair internet access and developing locally relevant educational content. This research underscores the need for strategic policy development and continued investment in technological infrastructure to maximise the potential of m-learning in promoting inclusive and quality education globally.

Purpose: This study aims at describing the principals’ efforts to make changes, the factors supporting the changes, and inhibiting factors. Research methodology: This research uses a literature review method to describe the principals’ efforts to make changes, the factors supporting the changes, and inhibiting factors. Results: The results show that (1) the principals’ efforts to make changes include catalysts, creators, facilitators, and stabilizers, (2) the supporting factors are the principals’ efforts to make changes and support from teachers and parents to make these changes, and (3) there are several factors, including inhibiting factors. These factors are unfolding needs which include economy, social needs, self-esteem, and individuals that requirefinding new work methods, new work groups that cause inconvenience and obscurity to achieve, limiting the individuals’ share of information and school organizational resources, and orthodox thinking leading to underdevelopment of knowledge and skills as well as limiting authority, increasing workload, increasing number of rules, and intimidating individual career development. Limitations: This study only focuses on the principle of making changes, the factors supporting the changes, and inhibiting factors. Contribution: This research contributes to the principals’ efforts to make changes, the factors supporting the changes, and inhibiting factors to achieve school goals and a good leader to manage the school.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor hambatan yang dihadapi oleh guru dalam mengimplementasikan Kurikulum Merdeka di Sekolah Menengah. Adapun faktor hambatan yang dianalisis ditinjau dari beberapa aspek yang disesuaikan dengan literatur yaitu; Aspek pemahaman guru terhadap filosofi dan tujuan Kurikulum Merdeka, aspek keterampilan pedagogis guru, aspek kesiapan teknologi guru, aspek kolaborasi antar guru, aspek dukungan administratif, aspek partisipasi orang tua, aspek ketersediaan sumber daya. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif survei dengan desain studi kasus, penelitian ini melibatkan guru-guru terpilih sebagai partisipan, yang memberikan wawasan mendalam melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi kelas, dan analisis dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukan aspek pemahaman guru terhadap filosofi dan tujuan Kurikulum Merdeka dengan persentase 83,60%, aspek keterampilan pedagogis guru dengan persentase 85,20%, aspek kesiapan teknologi guru dengan persentase 79,33%, aspek kolaborasi antar guru dengan persentase 84,27%, aspek dukungan administrative dengan persentase 85,73%, aspek partisipasi orang tua dengan persentase 86,27%, aspek ketersediaan sumber daya dengan persentase 85,33%. Penelitian ini menyediakan landasan bagi perubahan kebijakan dan pendekatan pendidikan untuk mengatasi hambatan-hambatan ini. Kesimpulan menekankan perlunya pelatihan yang lebih baik, dukungan administratif yang konsisten, dan kolaborasi yang diperkuat antara guru, pihak sekolah, dan orang tua untuk memastikan suksesnya implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka di Sekolah Menengah.

The implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum in madrasahs, guided by the Ministry of Religious Affairs Regulation (KMA) Number 347 in 2022, offers both advantages and challenges. This policy empowers madrasahs in Indonesia to develop education unit-level curricula that cater to the specific needs and management of education. The advantages of implementing the Merdeka Curriculum lie in its ability to respect and enhance Islamic education. Madrasahs can emphasize religious understanding, Quranic studies, and character education, enabling students to deepen their religious knowledge and strengthen their religious identities. Moreover, the curriculum's flexibility allows madrasahs to tailor educational experiences to the needs, social contexts, and local cultures of their students, making learning more relevant and meaningful. By incorporating practical and contextual subjects, the Merdeka Curriculum facilitates the development of broader skills, equipping students with academic, social, and life skills essential for their holistic growth. However, challenges arise in implementing the Merdeka Curriculum. Educators need comprehensive training and professional development to effectively design and implement a flexible curriculum. Ensuring consistent education standards across madrasahs is also crucial, as the freedom to determine curricula may result in variations. Integration with the national curriculum is essential to ensure that fundamental subjects such as literacy, numeracy, and general knowledge are adequately covered.

This paper begins with an effort to build the quality of education in the Palestinian Ministry of Education's 2017-2022 Strategic Plan for Education. From these efforts, the Palestinian Ministry of Education agreed to the design of the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals program, especially regarding quality education. This is seen in the target to be achieved to ensure equal access by 2030 to all levels of education and vocational training for marginalized groups, including people with disabilities. Through qualitative methods, the data collection technique used is library research for primary data obtained from the Strategic Plan for Education 2017-2022 by the Palestinian Ministry of Education and news contained on websites, youtube and journals in the 2017- 2023 range. Secondary data as supporting data is obtained using relevant literature in the form of analysis results or assessment reports from government, private or research institutions. After the review, it was revealed that efforts to build the quality of Palestinian education were prioritized on three main targets: 1) Ensuring access to safe, inclusive and quality education at all levels, especially for people with disabilities; 2) Develop student-centered teaching and learning pedagogy and environment, and; 3) Improve accountability and results-based leadership, governance and management. As an implication of these efforts, there has been an increase in female student participation and completion from primary to tertiary education.