This study investigated the effect of 8 weeks of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D), focusing on the role of the Humanin (HN). In this study, 28 male Wistar rats were assigned to one of four groups: healthy control (CO), diabetes control (T2D), exercise (EX), and diabetes + exercise (T2D + EX). After diabetes induction (2‐month high‐fat diet and injection of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin), the animals in the EX and T2D + EX groups underwent an 8‐week HIIT protocol (4–10, interval of 80%–100% of maximum speed). HOMA‐IR, fasting blood glucose, and HN levels were measured in the serum. The expression of HN, Bax, Bcl‐2, CAT, GPx, MDA, TNFα, and IL‐10 was measured in the soleus muscle. Our results showed that the serum level of HN and the muscle levels of IL‐10, SOD, CAT, and Bax were higher in the T2D + EX group than in the T2D group. However, the HOMA‐IR index and the muscle levels of MDA, TNFα, and Bcl‐2 were lower in the T2D + EX group than in the T2D group. Muscle levels of HN and GPx showed no significant difference between the T2D + EX and T2D groups. The result of Pearson analysis showed a significant correlation between HN and MDA, SOD, Bax and Bcl‐2. This study provides evidence that there is a correlation between serum Humanin levels and HIIT. HIIT benefits T2D rats by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Given Humanin's established involvement in inflammation and oxidative stress, it is possible that the benefits of HIIT on T2D rats are mediated by humanin.

Background: T Liver oxidative metabolism disorder is dependent on several factors that lead to liver diseases like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Our hypothesis was that the combination of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and L-carnitine affects the expression of citrate synthase (CS), PGC-1α, and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in the liver of male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=8): control, L-carnitine (200 mg/kg/d, four weeks, IP), HIIT, and HIIT+L-carnitine (200 mg/kg/d, four weeks, IP). HIIT training was performed for four weeks (five days a week); then, the animals were anesthetized, and their liver tissues were extracted for real-time PCR to measure MCT1, PGC-1α, and CS. SPSS 22 software was used to analyze the data obtained in different groups, with P<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: MCT1 expression significantly increased in the HIIT and HIIT+L-carnitine groups compared to the control group (P<0.001). PGC1α expression significantly increased in the HIIT+L-carnitine group compared to the control and L-carnitine groups (P<0.001). Also, PGC1α expression significantly increased in the HIIT group compared to the control group (P<0.001). Furthermore, CS expression significantly increased in all groups compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: HIIT exercise combined with L-carnitine supplementation increases the expression of MCT1, PGC-1α, and CS in the liver. Therefore, it seems that performing HIIT exercises and taking L-carnitine supplements can prevent the consequences of fat accumulation in the liver.

Mimicking vascular function in bone may serve to stimulate osteogenesis. We developed a micropump and wireless pressure sensing system to fluctuate and record intramedullary pressure (IMP) in the femoral diaphysis of young (6 months) and old (24 months) male Fischer-344 rats. In vivo IMP was determined (n = 5 per group). Additionally, two bone defects were created in the right femora (EXP) of young (n = 14) and old (n = 11) rats and catheterized to the micropump and wireless pressure sensor. Intramedullary pressure was fluctuated for 10 min. The left femur served as the control (CTL). Seven days post-surgery, femora were scanned by μCT (15 µm) to assess trabecular bone microarchitecture, cortical thickness and new bone volume at the endosteal and periosteal surfaces. Data were analyzed with SPSS software, and significance was p ≤ 0.05. In vivo IMP was lower (p < 0.05) in the old (~16 mmHg) vs. young (~36 mmHg) rats. Trabecular thickness in the proximal metaphysis was higher (p < 0.05) in the old rats, and the cortical shell was thicker (p < 0.05) and new bone volume greater (p < 0.05) in the young rats. Importantly, new bone volume was greater (p < 0.05) in young EXP (14 ± 7 mm³) vs. young CTL (7 ± 7 mm³) femora. A 10-min bout of IMP fluctuation stimulated osteogenesis in young rats.