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Dr. Anne Carter
Nottingham Trent University

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heatstroke
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Journal article
Published: 30 March 2021 in Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens
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Prolonged and repetitive COVID-19 facility closures have led to an abrupt cessation of visitors within UK and Irish zoos for variable periods since March 2020. This study sought to increase understanding of the impact of closures and reopenings on animal behaviour, thereby broadening understanding of whether zoo animals habituate to visitors. Data were collected from June to August 2020 at two UK facilities on eight species (n = 1 Chinese goral, n = 2 Grevy’s zebra, n = 11 swamp wallaby, n = 2 Rothschild’s giraffe, n = 2 nyala, n = 4 Chapman’s zebra, n = 2 snow leopard and n = 3 Amur leopard). Behaviour change and enclosure use was variable across species but most changes were non-significant. Grevy’s zebra engaged in more comfort behaviour during closure periods than post-closure (p < 0.05). Chinese goral engaged in more environmental interactions during closure periods (p < 0.05). Grevy’s zebra spent longer than would be expected by chance closest to public viewing areas during closure periods (p < 0.008). These results suggest variable impacts of covid-19 closures and reopenings, mirroring human-animal interaction literature. We highlight the potential for some species to take longer to re-habituate to the presence of zoo visitors. As facility closures/reopenings are ongoing, we advocate a longitudinal monitoring approach. Furthermore, we recommend incorporation of physical and physiological measures of welfare where possible, alongside behavioural responses, to enable a holistic approach to answering fundamental questions on whether zoo animals habituate to visitors.

ACS Style

Ellen Williams; Anne Carter; Jessica Rendle; Samantha Ward. Impacts of COVID-19 on Animals in Zoos: A Longitudinal Multi-Species Analysis. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 2021, 2, 130 -145.

AMA Style

Ellen Williams, Anne Carter, Jessica Rendle, Samantha Ward. Impacts of COVID-19 on Animals in Zoos: A Longitudinal Multi-Species Analysis. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens. 2021; 2 (2):130-145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ellen Williams; Anne Carter; Jessica Rendle; Samantha Ward. 2021. "Impacts of COVID-19 on Animals in Zoos: A Longitudinal Multi-Species Analysis." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 2, no. 2: 130-145.

Journal article
Published: 08 February 2021 in Applied Animal Behaviour Science
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Visitors are normally a prominent and constant feature in a zoo animals’ environment with more than 700 million people visiting zoos and aquariums worldwide, annually. Animal-visitor interactions can be enriching and stimulating and are now considered within the Five Domains of animal welfare assessment. Zoo closures as a result of COVID-19 provided a unique opportunity to monitor the impact of abrupt and prolonged removal of visitors on two popular zoo species. Data were collected at four facilities (n = 3 slender-tailed meerkats, n = 1 African penguin) during COVID-19 zoo closures and up to one month following reopening to the public. Meerkats showed increased positive social interactions, increased alert behaviours, and reduced environmental interactions in the first month post-opening, as compared to closure periods. They also used more of their enclosures during periods of closure and spent longer than would be expected in zones furthest from visitor viewing areas when facilities reopened. African penguins showed no behavioural change between open and closure periods. Enclosure usage during both observation periods was relatively even and no differences were observed in enclosure use between open and closure periods. These results will enable an advanced understanding of the impact that people have on the behaviour of zoo animals, which has ramifications for animals used in close encounters and other ‘visitor experiences’ in the future. Understanding relationships between animals and people is applicable in all managed animal settings. The results from this study are of practical use in managing visitor access to animals moving forwards, including enclosure location and design, to ensure a positive visitor experience that does not negatively impact animal behaviour.

ACS Style

Ellen Williams; Anne Carter; Jessica Rendle; Samantha J. Ward. Understanding impacts of zoo visitors: Quantifying behavioural changes of two popular zoo species during COVID-19 closures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2021, 236, 105253 .

AMA Style

Ellen Williams, Anne Carter, Jessica Rendle, Samantha J. Ward. Understanding impacts of zoo visitors: Quantifying behavioural changes of two popular zoo species during COVID-19 closures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2021; 236 ():105253.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ellen Williams; Anne Carter; Jessica Rendle; Samantha J. Ward. 2021. "Understanding impacts of zoo visitors: Quantifying behavioural changes of two popular zoo species during COVID-19 closures." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 236, no. : 105253.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2020 in Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
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Rescue centers remain a common means of rehoming a dog. There is a paucity of research into the composition of rescue center populations and its potential reflection of increased popularity of brachycephalic breeds. The study investigated changes in rescue center demographics from 2015 to 2018, compared to the wider dog population. Dogs on 16 rehoming centers' websites were recorded weekly from June 2015 for 8 weeks and replicated from June 2018. Data were collected on 1793 dogs across the centers. Over 50% of which were classified as purebred in both years. Over 80% of the dogs were categorized into 24 breeds or breed crosses. Dogs categorized as brachycephalic increased from 24 (2.76%) in 2015 to 48 (5.19%) in 2018. Subadult dogs (3-4 years) were most prevalent in both years. While sex, breed type, and age of the rehoming center population has remained relatively stable, breeds are changing. Whilst low, brachycephalic numbers doubled in 3 years, mirroring their rising popularity within the UK, impacting on rehoming centers and prospective new owners with additional costs of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome surgery.

ACS Style

Anne J. Carter; Jaime H. Martin. Demographic Changes in UK Rescue Centre Dog Population between 2014 and 2018. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2020, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Anne J. Carter, Jaime H. Martin. Demographic Changes in UK Rescue Centre Dog Population between 2014 and 2018. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 2020; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne J. Carter; Jaime H. Martin. 2020. "Demographic Changes in UK Rescue Centre Dog Population between 2014 and 2018." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science , no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2020 in Animals
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Heat-related illness will affect increasing numbers of dogs as global temperatures rise unless effective mitigation strategies are implemented. This study aimed to identify the key triggers of heat-related illness in dogs and investigate canine risk factors for the most common triggers in UK dogs. Using the VetCompassTM programme, de-identified electronic patient records of 905,543 dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016 were reviewed to identify 1259 heat-related illness events from 1222 dogs. Exertional heat-related illness was the predominant trigger (74.2% of events), followed by environmental (12.9%) and vehicular confinement (5.2%). Canine and human risk factors appear similar; young male dogs had greater odds of exertional heat-related illness, older dogs and dogs with respiratory compromise had the greatest odds of environmental heat-related illness. Brachycephalic dogs had greater odds of all three types of heat-related illness compared with mesocephalic dogs. The odds of death following vehicular heat-related illness (OR 1.47, p = 0.492) was similar to that of exertional heat-related illness. In the UK, exertional heat-related illness affects more dogs, and kills more dogs, than confinement in a hot vehicle. Campaigns to raise public awareness about heat-related illness in dogs need to highlight that dogs don’t die just in hot cars.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Dan G. O’Neill. Dogs Don’t Die Just in Hot Cars—Exertional Heat-Related Illness (Heatstroke) Is a Greater Threat to UK Dogs. Animals 2020, 10, 1324 .

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne J. Carter, Dan G. O’Neill. Dogs Don’t Die Just in Hot Cars—Exertional Heat-Related Illness (Heatstroke) Is a Greater Threat to UK Dogs. Animals. 2020; 10 (8):1324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Dan G. O’Neill. 2020. "Dogs Don’t Die Just in Hot Cars—Exertional Heat-Related Illness (Heatstroke) Is a Greater Threat to UK Dogs." Animals 10, no. 8: 1324.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2020
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Dogs are regularly transported or housed in vehicles, with guidelines for housing dogs suggesting that the ambient temperature should be maintained between 15°C and 24°C. Veterinary drugs are routinely stored and carried in vehicles providing ambulatory veterinary care. Non-refrigerated medications typically require storage between 8°C and 25°C. This study aims to investigate the potential for thermal stress associated with vehicular storage and transportation of drugs and dogs in a temperate climate, such as the United Kingdom. The study used data loggers to continuously record internal temperatures of four vehicles at 15-minute intervals over a two-year period, to investigate the effect of seasonality and time of day on the internal car temperature. The internal car temperature ranged from -7.4°C to 54.5°C during the study period. Temperatures fell below 8°C every month, except June and July. The internal car temperature exceeded typical drug storage recommendations (>25°C) during every month, and exceeded the canine thermoneutral zone (>35°C) from April to September. Peak temperatures occurred between 14:00 and 17:00 hours. The results demonstrate the year-round potential for thermal stress of both dogs and drugs left in cars. Public awareness campaigns highlighting the risks of leaving dogs in hot cars are typically launched in late spring, but should consider launching earlier in light of these findings. Veterinary surgeons transporting drugs should take measures to ensure that drugs are stored within the manufacturer's temperature range year-round. This will limit the potential for drug degradation and decreased efficacy.

ACS Style

Anne J. Carter; Emily J. Hall; Sophie L. Connolly; Zoe F. Russell; Kirsty Mitchell. Drugs, dogs, and driving: the potential for year-round thermal stress in UK vehicles. 2020, 10, 216 -225.

AMA Style

Anne J. Carter, Emily J. Hall, Sophie L. Connolly, Zoe F. Russell, Kirsty Mitchell. Drugs, dogs, and driving: the potential for year-round thermal stress in UK vehicles. . 2020; 10 (2):216-225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne J. Carter; Emily J. Hall; Sophie L. Connolly; Zoe F. Russell; Kirsty Mitchell. 2020. "Drugs, dogs, and driving: the potential for year-round thermal stress in UK vehicles." 10, no. 2: 216-225.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2020 in Scientific Reports
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As climate change causes global temperatures to rise, heat-related illness, a potentially fatal condition in dogs, will become an ever-greater threat. This study aimed to report the incidence, fatality and canine risk factors of heat-related illness in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016. The VetCompassTM programme collects de-identified electronic patient records from UK veterinary practices for research. From the clinical records of 905,543 dogs under veterinary care in 2016, 395 confirmed heat-related illness events were identified. The estimated 2016 incidence of heat-related illness was 0.04% (95% CI 0.04-0.05%), with an event fatality rate of 14.18% (95% CI 11.08 – 17.96%). Multivariable analysis identified significant risk factors including breed (e.g. Chow Chow, Bulldog and French Bulldog), higher bodyweight relative to the breed/sex mean and being over two years of age. Dogs with a brachycephalic skull shape and dogs weighing over 50 kg were also at greater risk. As we move into an ever-warmer world, veterinary professionals may need to include resistance to heat-related illness amongst their rationales when advising owners on breed selection. Breeding for good respiratory function and maintaining a healthy bodyweight should be considered key welfare priorities for all dogs to limit the risk of heat-related illness.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Dan G. O’Neill. Incidence and risk factors for heat-related illness (heatstroke) in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne J. Carter, Dan G. O’Neill. Incidence and risk factors for heat-related illness (heatstroke) in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Dan G. O’Neill. 2020. "Incidence and risk factors for heat-related illness (heatstroke) in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2020 in Animals
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Zoo animal management procedures which lead to changes to social groups can cause disruption in social hierarchies and the temporary breakdown of social relationships. Animals have different roles in social networks. Understanding individual positions in social networks is important for effective management and ensuring positive welfare for all animals. Using elephants as a case study, the aim of this research was to investigate temporal social dynamics in zoo animals. Behavioural data were collected between January 2016 and February 2017 from 10 African and 22 Asian elephants housed at seven zoos and safari parks in the UK and Ireland. Social interactions were defined as positive physical, positive non-physical, negative physical or negative non-physical. Social network analysis explored social relationships including the fluidity of networks over time and dyadic reciprocity. Social interaction networks were found to be fluid but did not follow a seasonal pattern. Positive interaction networks tended to include the entire social group whereas negative interactions were restricted to specific individuals. Unbalanced ties were observed within dyads, suggesting potential inequalities in relationships. This could impact on individual experiences and welfare. This research highlights subtle temporal dynamics in zoo elephants with the potential for species-level differences. Similar temporal dynamics may also be present in other socially housed zoo species. This research thus provides evidence for the importance of understanding the social networks of zoo animals over longer periods of time. Understanding social networks enables pro-active and evidence-based management approaches. Further research should seek to identify the minimum sampling efforts for social networks in a range of species, to enable the implementation of regular monitoring of social networks and thus improve the welfare of social species under human care.

ACS Style

Ellen Williams; Samantha Bremner-Harrison; Carol Hall; Anne Carter. Understanding Temporal Social Dynamics in Zoo Animal Management: An Elephant Case Study. Animals 2020, 10, 882 .

AMA Style

Ellen Williams, Samantha Bremner-Harrison, Carol Hall, Anne Carter. Understanding Temporal Social Dynamics in Zoo Animal Management: An Elephant Case Study. Animals. 2020; 10 (5):882.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ellen Williams; Samantha Bremner-Harrison; Carol Hall; Anne Carter. 2020. "Understanding Temporal Social Dynamics in Zoo Animal Management: An Elephant Case Study." Animals 10, no. 5: 882.

Original research
Published: 17 April 2020 in Veterinary Record
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Background Dog collars have the potential to cause harm when the dog pulls on the lead. This study aimed to determine the effects of collar type and force applied using the lead on the pressure on a simulated neck model. Methods Seven collars and a slip lead were tested on a canine neck model. This consisted of a plastic cylinder ‘neck’, with a pressure sensor beneath the collar. A range of forces were applied to the lead representing different interactions: firm pull (40 N), strong pull (70 N) and jerk (mean force 141 N). Contact area of the collar and pressure on the neck were recorded. Results Collars exerted a pressure of between 83 kPa and 832 kPa on the model neck. There was a significant effect of collar type (F(7)=25.69, P<0.001) and force applied (F(2)=42.60, P<0.001) on the pressure exerted on the neck. Collar type (χ(7)=64.94, P<0.001), but not force applied (χ(2)=3.20, P=0.202), affected the contact area that the pressure was exerted over. Conclusion Variation in the pressures exerted on the neck may have implications on comfort and the potential to cause injury. No single collar tested provided a pressure considered low enough to mitigate the risk of injury when pulling on the lead.

ACS Style

Anne Carter; Donal McNally; Amanda Roshier. Canine collars: an investigation of collar type and the forces applied to a simulated neck model. Veterinary Record 2020, 187, 1 .

AMA Style

Anne Carter, Donal McNally, Amanda Roshier. Canine collars: an investigation of collar type and the forces applied to a simulated neck model. Veterinary Record. 2020; 187 (7):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne Carter; Donal McNally; Amanda Roshier. 2020. "Canine collars: an investigation of collar type and the forces applied to a simulated neck model." Veterinary Record 187, no. 7: 1.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2019 in Animals
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Elephants have complex social systems that are predominantly driven by ecological factors in situ. Within zoos, elephants are held in relatively static social groups and the factors observed driving social relationships in the wild are largely absent. Little research has investigated the effect of social group factors in zoos on elephant social interactions. The aim of this research was to establish whether there is a relationship between social group factors and social behaviour, in order to identify factors that make elephant herds more or less likely to be compatible. Results will facilitate recommendations for optimum social groupings for zoo elephants. Behavioural data quantifying social interactions were collected between January 2016 and February 2017 at seven UK and Irish zoos and safari parks from 10 African and 22 Asian elephants. Social interactions were split into four categories: positive physical, positive non-physical, negative physical and negative non-physical. Social interactions were related to age (positive physical higher and negative non-physical lower in calves than adults), personality (elephants with higher sociability scores engaged in more positive interactions and less negative interactions), presence of calves in the herd (herds with calves had more positive non-physical), relatedness to other elephants in the herd (positive non-physical were higher when relatives were in the group and negative non-physical were higher between unrelated elephants) and species (Asian elephants engaged in more positive non-physical than African elephants). A greater understanding of factors that may contribute to the success of zoo-elephant social groups is important for individual and herd welfare as it will enable evidence-based decisions which have minimal impact on social structures to be executed. This knowledge will enable proactive management approaches to be undertaken and will thus be paramount in ensuring optimal welfare for elephant herds moving forwards.

ACS Style

Ellen Williams; Anne Carter; Carol Hall; Samantha Bremner-Harrison. Social Interactions in Zoo-Housed Elephants: Factors Affecting Social Relationships. Animals 2019, 9, 747 .

AMA Style

Ellen Williams, Anne Carter, Carol Hall, Samantha Bremner-Harrison. Social Interactions in Zoo-Housed Elephants: Factors Affecting Social Relationships. Animals. 2019; 9 (10):747.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ellen Williams; Anne Carter; Carol Hall; Samantha Bremner-Harrison. 2019. "Social Interactions in Zoo-Housed Elephants: Factors Affecting Social Relationships." Animals 9, no. 10: 747.

Clinical
Published: 14 March 2019 in Veterinary Nursing Journal
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This study investigated the accuracy of two animal specific non-contact infrared thermometers (Rycom and Thermofocus) when compared to rectal temperature in healthy horses. One hundred rectal and eye temperatures were measured in 22 horses. Fewer than 50% of the readings taken with the Thermofocus device were within ± 0.5°C of rectal temperature. Over 80% of eye temperature readings taken with the Rycom device were within ± 0.5°C of rectal temperature measured from the medial canthus region. The Rycom thermometer also appears to detect hyperthermia when measuring the left eye temperature; however, clinical patient testing is needed before its use can be recommended.

ACS Style

Anne J. Carter; Aleksandra Dimitrova; Emily J. Hall. Field testing two animal-specific non-contact thermometers on healthy horses. Veterinary Nursing Journal 2019, 34, 96 -101.

AMA Style

Anne J. Carter, Aleksandra Dimitrova, Emily J. Hall. Field testing two animal-specific non-contact thermometers on healthy horses. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2019; 34 (4):96-101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne J. Carter; Aleksandra Dimitrova; Emily J. Hall. 2019. "Field testing two animal-specific non-contact thermometers on healthy horses." Veterinary Nursing Journal 34, no. 4: 96-101.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2018 in Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
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Previously published equine temperature ranges often fail to state the population of animals or the method of temperature measurement used to establish the range. An inappropriate reference range can negatively affect the interpretation of measurements, resulting in animals being misdiagnosed. A yard specific equine rectal temperature reference range was therefore calculated. 652 rectal temperatures were collected from a population of 41 healthy adult horses, including a range of breeds aged 2-23 years old. Rectal temperature was measured at a depth of 5cm, using lubricated digital predictive thermometers. The normal rectal temperature range of horses on this yard was 36.0 – 38.0°C (90% confidence interval [CI] = 35.97–36.03°C at the lower limit, CI = 37.97–38.03°C at the upper limit). A Mann Whitney test showed significant difference between geldings and mares (Z = -1.389, p = 0.165). Spearman’s correlation showed no significant correlations between rectal temperature and ambient temperature (Rs = 0.137, p = 0.052), or rectal temperature and horse height (Rs = -0.047, p = 0.791). The upper limit of the range is lower than most previously suggested temperature ranges, which may reflect the low stress environment in which temperatures were measured; horses were housed in a familiar environment and examined and handled by familiar equine technicians. The findings of this study suggest that establishing yard specific normal temperature ranges could improve early detection of fever, and support biosecurity protocols in the face of infectious disease outbreaks. Additionally, the results suggest that existing equine temperature ranges may need reviewing.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Anne G. Stevenson; Carol Hall. Establishing a Yard-Specific Normal Rectal Temperature Reference Range for Horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2018, 74, 51 -55.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne J. Carter, Anne G. Stevenson, Carol Hall. Establishing a Yard-Specific Normal Rectal Temperature Reference Range for Horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2018; 74 ():51-55.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Anne G. Stevenson; Carol Hall. 2018. "Establishing a Yard-Specific Normal Rectal Temperature Reference Range for Horses." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 74, no. : 51-55.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Journal of Thermal Biology
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Increasing numbers of people are running with their dogs, particularly in harness through the sport canicross. Whilst canicross races are typically held in the winter months, some human centred events are encouraging running with dogs in summer months, potentially putting dogs at risk of heat related injuries, including heatstroke. The aim of this project was to investigate the effects of ambient conditions and running speed on post-race temperature of canicross dogs in the UK, and investigate the potential risk of heatstroke to canicross racing dogs. The effects of canine characteristics (e.g. gender, coat colour) were explored in order to identify factors that could increase the risk of exercise-induced hyperthermia (defined as body temperature exceeding the upper normal limit of 38.8 °C).108 dogs were recruited from 10 race days, where ambient conditions ranged from −5 − 11 °C measured as universal thermal comfort index (UTCI). 281 post race tympanic membrane temperatures were recorded, ranging from 37.0 − 42.5 °C. There was a weak correlation between speed and post-race temperature (r = 0.269, P < 0.001). Whilst no correlation between any single environmental factor or UTCI and post-race temperature was found, the proportion of dogs developing exercise-induced hyperthermia during the race increased with UTCI (r = 0.688, P = 0.028). Male dogs (χ(1) = 18.286, P < 0.001), and dark coated dogs (χ(2) = 8.234, P = 0.014), were significantly more likely to finish the race with a temperature exceeding 40.6 °C. Prolonged elevati°n of body temperature above this temperature is likely to cause heatstroke. At every race dogs exceeded this critical temperature, with 10.7% (n = 30) of the overall study population exceeding this temperature throughout the study period. The results suggest male dogs, dark coloured dogs, and increased speed of running all increase the risk of heatstroke in racing canicross dogs. Further research is required to investigate the impact of environmental conditions on post-race cooling, to better understand safe running conditions for dogs.

ACS Style

Anne J. Carter; Emily J. Hall. Investigating factors affecting the body temperature of dogs competing in cross country (canicross) races in the UK. Journal of Thermal Biology 2018, 72, 33 -38.

AMA Style

Anne J. Carter, Emily J. Hall. Investigating factors affecting the body temperature of dogs competing in cross country (canicross) races in the UK. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2018; 72 ():33-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne J. Carter; Emily J. Hall. 2018. "Investigating factors affecting the body temperature of dogs competing in cross country (canicross) races in the UK." Journal of Thermal Biology 72, no. : 33-38.

Clinical
Published: 16 November 2017 in Veterinary Nursing Journal
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Studies have shown that tympanic membrane temperature (TMT) under-reports body temperature when compared to rectal temperature. This could lead to misinterpretation of the TMT, if comparing the result to a rectal temperature range. The aim of this study was to establish a normal canine TMT reference range. Four hundred and sixteen TMTs were taken from 157 healthy dogs, in a range of ambient temperatures. The normal reference range for canine TMT was found to be 36.6–38.8°C. This range should be considered by pet owners and veterinary professionals when interpreting TMT measured with a veterinary aural thermometer, to avoid misinterpretation of the results.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne Carter. Establishing a reference range for normal canine tympanic membrane temperature measured with a veterinary aural thermometer. Veterinary Nursing Journal 2017, 32, 369 -373.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne Carter. Establishing a reference range for normal canine tympanic membrane temperature measured with a veterinary aural thermometer. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2017; 32 (12):369-373.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne Carter. 2017. "Establishing a reference range for normal canine tympanic membrane temperature measured with a veterinary aural thermometer." Veterinary Nursing Journal 32, no. 12: 369-373.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2017 in Comparative Exercise Physiology
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The ability to monitor body temperature in athletes at risk of hyperthermia is essential in all species. Currently, the only commonly accepted temperature monitoring site in dogs is the rectum. This is impractical in field situations as it takes time, requires additional handlers to restrain the dog and is not tolerated by all animals. Tympanic membrane temperature (TMT) monitoring may provide a rapid measure of body temperature to facilitate identification of heat stress and heat stroke in canine athletes. In human studies, TMT diverges from rectal temperature (RT) as body temperature increases during exercise induced hyperthermia so is not recommended for monitoring human athletes. If the same divergence occurs in dogs, TMT may not be suitable for use when monitoring the temperature of canine athletes. The aim of the study was to determine if TMT diverged from RT following exercise in healthy dogs. 24 healthy dogs were recruited to the study. Body temperature was measured using a veterinary auricular infrared thermometer to record TMT and an electric predictive rectal thermometer. Temperatures were recorded pre- and post-exercise in a non-clinical setting, familiar to the dogs. The mixed model approach showed that exercise had no effect on the difference between RT and TMT (F(1,201)=0.026, P=0.872). The overall mean difference of RT minus TMT was 0.39 °C (n=116). 68.4% of readings fell within the accepted 0.5 °C difference in temperature recording method. In line with previously reported TMT to RT comparison studies in dogs, this study found that TMT measured consistently lower than RT. Using a correction factor of 0.4 °C minimised the difference. The hypothesis that dogs would show greater differences between TMT and RT following exercise was not supported, suggesting that TMT could be used to monitor body temperature in exercising dogs where RT is not possible.

ACS Style

E.J. Hall; A.J. Carter. Comparison of rectal and tympanic membrane temperature in healthy exercising dogs. Comparative Exercise Physiology 2017, 13, 37 -44.

AMA Style

E.J. Hall, A.J. Carter. Comparison of rectal and tympanic membrane temperature in healthy exercising dogs. Comparative Exercise Physiology. 2017; 13 (1):37-44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E.J. Hall; A.J. Carter. 2017. "Comparison of rectal and tympanic membrane temperature in healthy exercising dogs." Comparative Exercise Physiology 13, no. 1: 37-44.

Clinical
Published: 17 November 2016 in Veterinary Nursing Journal
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With increasing summer temperatures and milder winters, the risk of heatstroke in dogs is growing. Veterinary nurses have a vital role in identifying high-risk patients and advising owners of the risks of heatstroke. Nurses are able to recommend preventative measures and first aid necessary to minimise the risk of heatstroke; in addition to increasing the chances of survival where heatstroke does occur. This article will provide an overview of the evidence that can be presented to owners during nursing consultations and the prognosis of patients presenting with heatstroke.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne Carter. Heatstroke – providing evidence-based advice to dog owners. Veterinary Nursing Journal 2016, 31, 359 -363.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne Carter. Heatstroke – providing evidence-based advice to dog owners. Veterinary Nursing Journal. 2016; 31 (12):359-363.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne Carter. 2016. "Heatstroke – providing evidence-based advice to dog owners." Veterinary Nursing Journal 31, no. 12: 359-363.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2016 in Comparative Exercise Physiology
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Research examining kinematic parameters of the canine athlete is markedly behind equivalent human and equine research. With increasing participation and popularity, canine sports science needs to bridge this gap with comparable equine research. The aim of this study was to examine changes to specific kinematic parameters as hurdle height increases. Twenty border collies and border collie crosses were analysed jumping over a single hurdle at increasing heights, starting with a pole on the floor and increasing to a maximum height of 65 cm. Length of trajectory and jump speed were analysed, alongside apparent (without the use of markers) neck, lumbar spine and shoulder angles using Dartfish software. For each dog, the percentage of the hurdle height in relation to their height at the dorsal aspect of the scapula (withers) was used to normalise the dogs evenly. Overall jump speed decreased as percentage height increased (P

ACS Style

E. Birch; Anne Carter; J. Boyd. An examination of jump kinematics in dogs over increasing hurdle heights. Comparative Exercise Physiology 2016, 12, 91 -98.

AMA Style

E. Birch, Anne Carter, J. Boyd. An examination of jump kinematics in dogs over increasing hurdle heights. Comparative Exercise Physiology. 2016; 12 (2):91-98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Birch; Anne Carter; J. Boyd. 2016. "An examination of jump kinematics in dogs over increasing hurdle heights." Comparative Exercise Physiology 12, no. 2: 91-98.