This study seeks to determine how economic policy uncertainty (EPU) influences investment decisions and the market value of the Pakistan Stock Exchange. This study examines investment and operational data from 249 energy and petroleum companies between 2015 and 2020 and macroeconomic variables such as EPU. This study investigates the moderating effects of EPU on investments in fixed and intangible assets and its effect on Tobin’s Q and the market price per share. The outcomes demonstrate that EPU reduces the costs of both tangible and intangible assets for businesses. In addition, companies with a higher Tobin’s Q and market price per share are more impacted by uncertain corporate investment policies. However, financial leverage is negatively correlated with share price and positively correlated with earnings per share and earnings per unit. Tobin’s Q positively correlates with financial leverage, indicating that firms that raise capital through debt are more likely to create value for investors. The research indicates that market-dependent enterprises are more susceptible to the unpredictability of monetary policy. According to this study, consistent application and open communication of economic policies are likely to increase the efficacy of company investments, resulting in more effective resource allocation and business decision-making.

Both real and monetary shocks have been extensively researched, with conflicting findings on the involvement of the banking sector following the occurrence of these shocks. Nonetheless, liquidity creation (LC) appears to be one of the most underappreciated banking operations. This research analyses the impact of LC on economic volatility and the mechanisms through which LC influences volatility in 10 MENA countries from 2000 to 2019. Using a recently published panel cointegration estimating approach, we show that LC does influence growth volatility over the long term and short term—in other words, LC, as a primary activity of banks, helps to reduce volatility. According to PMG’s findings, both real and monetary shocks significantly increase volatility in the short term compared to their influence in the long term. The channels of expression show that LC mitigates the influence of real shocks (amplifies the effect of monetary shocks) on growth volatility, and there is a greater magnitude of this effect in the short term. Strengthening the banking industry through LC, which is their primary business, could be a critical strategy in avoiding economic swings.

Numerous Muslim-majority nations continue to endure sustained economic and social inequalities which erodes their national security base while undermining inter-community accord. Social and financial inequality together with limited resource access and restricted opportunities produce cyclic poverty that disadvantaged groups continuously find tough to break free. A financial endowment that has caught much attention in recent years is cash waqf, based on Islamic philanthropy and an instrument used for enhancing socio-economic welfare in Muslim societies. Cash waqf differs from the classical waqf by mobilizing monetary resources to fund sustainable development initiatives. The study looks at four development path-dependent independent variables: awareness and understanding of cash waqf, governance, transparency, and trust in their effect on socio-economic welfare in Pakistan. Participation in cash waqf is dependent on awareness and understanding, and the more aware and understanding people are of the benefits and the religious significance of cash waqf, the more these individuals are likely to contribute. This study employs a mixed-methods research design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the role of cash waqf in reducing socio-economic inequalities in Pakistan. Research data show that cash waqf acts as an essential tool for minimizing social and economic disparities in Pakistan. Socio-economic welfare perceptions depend largely on people's knowledge of cash waqf and their participation in and connection to its governance processes and transparency standards, along with their trust in institutions.

This study seeks to determine how economic policy uncertainty (EPU) influences investment decisions and the market value of the Pakistan Stock Exchange. The study examines investment and operational data from 249 energy and petroleum companies between 2015 and 2020, in addition to macroeconomic variables such as EPU. This study investigates the moderating effects of EPU on investments in fixed and intangible assets, as well as its effect on Tobin's Q and the market price per share. The outcomes demonstrate that EPU reduces the costs of both tangible and intangible assets for businesses. In addition, companies with a greater Tobin's Q and market price per share are more impacted by uncertain corporate investment policies. However, financial leverage is found to be negatively correlated with share price and positively correlated with earnings per share and earnings per unit. Tobin's Q is positively correlated with financial leverage, indicating that firms that raise capital through debt are more likely to create value for investors. The research indicates that market-dependent enterprises are more susceptible to the unpredictability of monetary policy. Eventually, the findings suggest that consistent and transparent economic policies may increase the efficiency of corporate investment.

The transition towards sustainable finance has fundamentally reshaped corporate value creation, yet the precise mechanisms linking environmental, social, and governance (ESG) initiatives to firm financial performance remain theoretically fragmented and empirically contested. To systematically disentangle this, this study applies a hybrid literature review methodology that combines macroscopic bibliometric mapping with in-depth microscopic qualitative content analysis. Based on a meticulously curated dataset of 624 peer-reviewed articles from the Web of Science Core Collection (2014–2026). Using a concentrated sub-sample of 45 core studies for rigorous thematic extraction, this research reconstructs the field’s intellectual topography. This study demystifies the transmission by revealing a complex chain-mediated paradigm in which capital pricing and access to financing serve as the central economic conduits, whilst uniquely identifying ESG-aligned Sukuk as a structurally distinct, dual-signalling mechanism for green value creation. This study proposes a conceptual framework arguing that the ultimate financial payoffs of ESG are not universally supported but are strictly governed by exogenous institutional boundary conditions, including investor preferences, institutional support, and government guarantees, thereby providing actionable insights for corporate capital optimisation and macroeconomic green policy design.