Genome-wide microarray analysis (Affymetrix array) was used ( i ) to determine whether only one gene, the cytochrome P450 enzyme Cyp6g1 , is differentially transcribed in dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)-resistant vs. -susceptible Drosophila ; and ( ii ) to profile common genes differentially transcribed across a DDT-resistant field isolate [ Rst(2)DDT ^Wisconsin ] and a laboratory DDT-selected population [ Rst(2)DDT ^91-R ]. Statistical analysis (ANOVA model) identified 158 probe sets that were differentially transcribed among Rst(2)DDT ^91-R , Rst(2)DDT ^Wisconsin , and the DDT-susceptible genotype Canton-S ( P < 0.01). The cytochrome P450 Cyp6a2 and the diazepam-binding inhibitor gene ( Dbi ) were over transcribed in the two DDT-resistant genotypes when compared to the wild-type Drosophila , and this difference was significant at the most stringent statistical level, a Bonferroni correction. The list of potential candidates differentially transcribed also includes 63 probe sets for which molecular function ontology annotation of the probe sets did not exist. A total of four genes ( Cyp6a2 , Dbi , Uhg1 , and CG11176 ) were significantly different ( P < 5.6 e ^-06 ) between Rst(2)DDT ^91-R and Canton-S. Additionally, two probe sets encoding Cyp12d1 and Dbi were significantly different between Rst(2)DDT ^Wisconsin and Canton-S after a Bonferroni correction. Fifty-two probe sets, including those associated with pesticide detoxification, ion transport, signal transduction, RNA transcription, and lipid metabolism, were commonly expressed in both resistant lines but were differentially transcribed in Canton-S. Our results suggest that more than Cyp6g1 is overtranscribed in field and laboratory DDT-resistant genotypes, and the number of commonalities suggests that similar resistance mechanisms may exist between laboratory- and field-selected DDT-resistant fly lines.

Given the popularity, reach, and variable accessibility of online platforms as channels for informal education by higher-education institutions (HEIs), it becomes practically and theoretically important to better understand the factors that affect the impact and reach of any such Internet-delivered ICT informal learning. Accordingly, this study analysed viewer data from one informal, science animation educational channel on currently the most-watched online platform, YouTube, to measure characteristics affecting the videos’ impact and reach. Results from the study identified the most watched videos on the channel—including survival gardening using drip irrigation, charcoal water filtration, and tuberculosis prevention—and characteristic demand, time, location, and volume of video access. While the basic findings reaffirm prior research measuring statistically significant correlations between user-activity and YouTube engagement metrics (including watch-time, view counts, likes, and subscribers), they also demonstrate the and ability to make such content broadly applicable across demographics and globally. Offering some measure of insights for boosting HEI participation in informal educational science animation and ICT learning practices using platforms like YouTube—especially around the topics of water, agriculture, food security, and improved health outcomes—the findings also point to where improved methods for reaching the intended recipients of informal education online are needed to best leverage the potential of such platforms.