In response to the current limitation where conventional constant volume combustion apparatuses are generally confined to pressure ratings of 5–20 MPa, insufficient for the demands of ultra-high-pressure combustion fundamental research, this study designs and verifies a high-pressure-resistant constant volume combustion apparatus with a rated working pressure of 250 MPa. The strength design and safety factor calculation for the combustion chamber main body were conducted based on the Lame thick-walled cylinder elastic theory. A finite element numerical simulation method was systematically employed to perform static analysis, transient impact response analysis, and high-cycle fatigue-life assessment of the key components of the apparatus. The results indicate that under a 250 MPa design internal pressure load, the maximum circumferential stress at the inner wall of the combustion chamber main body is 328.0 MPa, with a safety factor greater than 1.5, complying with relevant safety codes for high-pressure vessels. Under transient loading simulating combustion impact, the maximum equivalent stress of all structural components is below the material yield strength, with a maximum elastic deformation of less than 0.06 mm, demonstrating excellent structural stiffness and impact resistance. Fatigue assessment with a design-life target of 1.0 × 10⁶ pressure cycles shows that the cumulative damage values for all components are significantly less than 1.0, meeting the reliability requirements for long-term cyclic service. This apparatus integrates functional modules such as high-pressure precision gas mixing, high-energy reliable ignition, high-speed transient parameter acquisition, and safe product collection, providing a stable, controllable, and safe experimental platform for in-depth research on the combustion mechanisms of gaseous fuels under ultra-high-pressure conditions.

The cloud model provides a unified mathematical framework for representing both randomness and fuzziness simultaneously, offering an effective mathematical tool for modeling complex systems. This paper focuses on the emergent phenomenon of spontaneous synchronous flashing in fireflies and employs Gaussian cloud model theory to develop an initialization framework. Uncertainty is quantified using three core numerical characteristics of the cloud model—expectation, entropy, and hyperentropy—while a Gaussian potential function is adopted to characterize how interaction strength varies with spatial distance. A MATLAB-based simulation platform is developed to reproduce the emergent transition of fireflies from disordered flashing to synchronous behavior across different spatial domains. Our results demonstrate that group synchronization efficiency is strongly governed by the initial spatial configuration of individuals. Introducing driving nodes (special agents) can accelerate synchronization, but increasing their quantity yields diminishing marginal returns; the optimal strategy is a single special agent placed at the domain center. Collective emergence depends more strongly on the topological structure of inter-individual interactions than on the number of driving nodes. These findings confirm that interaction topology dominates synchronization performance over driving-node quantity, providing a theoretical basis for guiding unmanned swarm coordination with minimal control nodes.