Colistin therapy is associated with the development of nephrotoxicity. We examined the incidence and risk factors of nephrotoxicity associated with colistin dosing. We included adult hospitalized patients who received intravenous (IV) colistin for >72 h between January 2014 and December 2015. The primary endpoint was the incidence of colistin-associated acute kidney injury (AKI). The secondary analyses were predictors of nephrotoxicity, proportions of patients inappropriately dosed with colistin according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and Garonzik formula and clinical cure rate. We enrolled 198 patients with a mean age of 55.67 ± 19.35 years, 62% were men, and 60% were infected with multidrug-resistant organisms. AKI occurred in 44.4% (95% CI: 37.4–51.7). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that daily colistin dose per body weight (kg) was associated with AKI (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.08–2.30; p = 0.02). Other significant predictors included serum albumin level, body mass index (BMI), and severity of illness. None of the patients received loading doses, however FDA-recommended dosing was achieved in 70.2% and the clinical cure rate was 13%. The incidence of colistin-associated AKI is high. Daily colistin dose, BMI, serum albumin level, and severity of illness are independent predictors of nephrotoxicity.

Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are recommended for various types of cancer. On the other hand, these ICIs may cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Lichen sclerosus (LS) and lichen planus (LP) are two distinct phenotypes of irAEs that occur in a subset of patients treated with ICIs. These adverse effects have a detrimental effect on the patient’s quality of life and treatment phases; however, the clinical evaluation and assessment of LS and LP remain uncertain. This study aims to assess and evaluate the risk of LS and LP associated with the use of ICIs via a systematic review of the literature and the USA FDA Adverse Events FAERS database. Method: The study searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, and Google Scholar for case reports on immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-associated lichen sclerosus and lichen planus published in English between inception and 31 December 2021. The FDA’s adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database was also analyzed. Results: Thirty-eight case reports and two retrospective studies with a total of 101 patients, in addition to the FAERS data, were evaluated. More cases involved lichen planus (78.9%) than lichen sclerosis (21%). Nivolumab and pembrolizumab were most frequently reported with LS and LP, among other ICIs. Thirty-six out of thirty-eight patients with LS or LP experienced complete remission, while two patients experienced partial remission. Most of the cases had an excellent response to corticosteroids (92.1%), while the remainder had moderate (5.2%) and poor (2.6%) responses. Additionally, the reporting odds ratio (ROR) of the FAERS database indicated a favorable association for ICIs, the risk of LP, and LS. A stronger association was uniquely found between nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Conclusion: There have been published case reports for these adverse events. Healthcare providers should be aware of the possibility of lichen sclerosis and lichen planus developing in patients receiving ICIs which could necessitate hospitalization or discontinuation. Regulatory agencies are advised to monitor the risks as a potential safety signal.